Analysis Is Euro Zone An Optimal Currency Area Economics Essay

Does euro zone tantrum what is described in the literature as an Optimum Currency Area. An Optimum Currency Area theory was for the first clip developed by Robert Mundell, in â€Å" A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas † ( September, 1961 ) . The chief thought was to specify until what extent some states ( EZ states, for case ) should give up from their independent pecuniary policy, in order to derive from micro and macroeconomics benefits of a shared currency. These benefits can be briefly referred as â€Å" decreased dealing costs, riddance of currency hazard, greater transparence and perchance greater competition because monetary values are easier to compare †[ 1 ]. Still, the chief issue is a pure inequation which tries to mensurate if the positive side of a common currency in EU is higher than the negative 1. In this reappraisal I will non concentrate merely in a remarkable parametric quantity of this equation because so it would connote a loss of the nucleus significance of the different beginnings. I will alternatively analyse the overall sentiment of different beginnings and refer to specific standards when it seems plausible.2. Critically annotated literature huntBeginning 1: Francesco Paolo Mongelli, Senior Advisor for Monetary Policy, European Central Bank ( ECB ) , â€Å" † New † positions on the optimal currency country theory: What is EMU stating us? â€Å" , Working Paper No. 138, April 2002 Francesco Mongelli has followed the euro advancement over the old ages and he strongly contributed to different analysis published under ECB cast. In his reappraisal he does non clearly take a place about the euro country. However, he seems to be more positive about the conditions of Europe for a common currency. Particularly after the euro acceptance, he states that â€Å" the members of the European Union that have removed all trade and fiscal barriers among each other and portion a individual market † due to the common currency enjoyed a steady addition in â€Å" mutual trade † which allows them to see stable growing. He does non disregard the alleged â€Å" † Krugman specialization hypothesis † † , which implies that the acceptance of euro will take member states to fall in an utmost specialised degree, taking to farther deficiency of variegation and it will go forth these states would be worse off. However, he clearly emphasizes that this is â€Å" a paradox as this is non what is observed in world † ( mentioning to Frankel, 1999 ) . With this debate Mongelli puts the euro country in the same side of the US States in the OCA graph sing two chief issues which for him are decisive ( see Graph 1 ) . This means, even though non every bit much as US States, the EZ states â€Å" draw net benefits from ( aˆÂ ¦ ) the euro † When confronting the critics from the general literature to the optimum conditions for a common currency in EU, Mongelli supports the other side of the literature stating these reappraisals might be biased since â€Å" they are chiefly rearward looking † . As he states: â€Å" Some writers believe alternatively that the OCA trial could be satisfied antique station even if it is non to the full satisfied ex ante † . In amount, this ECB adviser seems to back up the thought that â€Å" for the group of states now organizing the euro country this has brought considerable benefits but has besides required a long period, although some states that joined the procedure subsequently than the others caught up really quickly with the remainder. † This led him to believe the euro country might be suited for a common currency because, even though there are some structural differences among states, they can be managed overtime and optimum conditions can be achieved. Further analyses besides reported by Francesco Mongelli[ 2 ]on the Eve of the planetary fiscal crisis refer that in the last old ages at that place was a clear betterment of the euro country members or even its campaigners. He points out as chief betterment signals: â€Å" no ever-rising rising prices derived functions and inflationary outlooks † , â€Å" alterations in fight within the euro country are happening at a sustained gait † , and that â€Å" the hazard of pro-cyclicality of financial policies is under control † . Once once more, he stills believe that â€Å" all in all the balance seems positive: the benefits outweigh the costs † . Still, his chief point continues to be based on future outlooks and non truly on discernible facts. Beginning 2: Paul Krugman, â€Å" Retaliation of the Optimum Currency Area † , The New York Times, June 24, 2012 Many tried to analyse if dazes were symmetric or asymmetric in the interim of euro currency execution, although there is likely another ground which led to dazes ‘ dissymmetry. Despite the fact that European states could be already in an asymmetric place when following the euro, Krugman emphasizes that this dissymmetry tends to increase over the old ages among EZ states. He argues that most of the political power around EZ â€Å" chose to believe that asymmetric dazes would be a comparatively minor job † . Therefore Krugman identified another daze which is every bit of import as the others that existed earlier. This daze was, â€Å" in a acrimonious sarcasm, caused by the creative activity of the euro itself. † â€Å" In kernel, the creative activity of the euro led to a perceptual experience on the portion of many investors that the large hazards associated with cross-border investing within Europe had been eliminated. In the 1990s, despite the absence of formal capital controls, capital motions and therefore current-account instabilities within Europe were limited. After the creative activity of the euro, nevertheless, there was monolithic capital motion from Europe ‘s nucleus – chiefly Germany, but besides the Netherlands – to its fringe, taking to an economic roar in the fringe and significantly higher rising prices rates in Spain, Greece, etc. than in Germany. † In Krugman ‘s sentiment this deficiency of loads among euro country states led to the creative activity of more asymmetric dazes which states were non able to pull off. Especially states in the fringe, since they abdicated from their independent pecuniary policy, they could non utilize unfastened market operations to cover with such jobs like higher rising prices. Even though those states could do force per unit area on taking establishments in order to accommodate their policy to those state of affairss, they would confront opposition by â€Å" EuropeA?s nucleus † states. Therefore, this force per unit area would non be turned into any positive result for the fringe. Beginning 3: Martin Feldstein, Professor of Economics, Harvard University, â€Å" Optimum Currency Areas † , Cambridge, MA, 2008 Surely we can non avoid the economic differences among European states, although we might non merely concentrate on economic issues. Feldstein credited portion of the euro related jobs to political issues, alternatively of simply economic jobs such as daze dissymmetries. Feldstein has a broad background as academic and political associate in US, this allows him to hold an external position of the euro state of affairs and the single force per unit areas exercised by single states. The political result identified by Martin Feldstein, as described below, could be straight related with the dazes created by euro execution program as argued by Krugman ( see Source 2 ) . â€Å" Not all EMU states will be affected every bit by the development of the European economic system or by the policies of the ECB. ( aˆÂ ¦ ) Because of a limited willingness to do forfeits for the benefit of other EMU states or for the EMU as a system, some of those authoritiess or politicians may seek to go out the EMU or may endanger that they will make so unless policies are changed. † This position shows another attack on the OCA issue which might be against the thought that there are optimal conditions in the EU for a common currency, nevertheless non for the most frequent grounds referred in the literature. We can state that Martin Feldstein is chiefly presenting a political dimension into treatment, which sometimes can be the most decisive 1. Beginning 4: Huseyin Mualla Yuceol, â€Å" Why European Union is non an optimum currency country: The bounds of integrating † , Ege Academic Review, Mersin University, 2006 Besides mentioning many of the points that are mentioned in the literature back uping Krugman ‘s position ( see Source 2 ) , in which, he is chiefly placing that â€Å" there is a widespread incredulity environing the long-term practicality of the EMU. † This well-known Turkish faculty member besides refers another of import issue related with the OCA argument that sometimes is forgotten. Harmonizing to him, even though the European Commission was cognizant of macroeconomic disagreements, there was a clear deficiency of enforcement in order to cut down these existent dissymmetries. â€Å" Therefore, the so called EMU â€Å" convergence standards † are more concerned with analyzing ephemeral cyclical motions in fiscal indexs, instead than concentrating upon cardinal convergence in existent economic system. However, analyzing the extent to which EU member provinces have really met the MCC since 1990s, a period including both a recession and roar, makes dissatisfactory reading for protagonists of European pecuniary integrating. † The grounds shows that the deficiency of enforcement of the â€Å" convergence standards † led to an unsustainable macroeconomic state of affairs in the EZ. This unsustainable state of affairs implies that the EZ is non an optimum currency country and it besides means it is more hard to accomplish these conditions. â€Å" This is because, the accomplishment of convergence depends on peculiarly certain institutional and structural characteristics and the grade of development of market mechanisms. † Yuceol besides refers that there are likely two different groups among euro country states. One that would most likely tantrum in a common currency and the fringe which will confront strong barriers to maintain at the same gait without the pecuniary tools lost for the pecuniary brotherhood. â€Å" Therefore, EMU will split Europe because no mechanism exists for accomplishing existent convergence between national economic systems. †3. Tentative decisionsFrom the parts of the literature referred in this reappraisal it is easy to understand that both places in favour or against the OCA conditions in the euro zone can be argued. It is of import to underscore that most of the surveies on this affair are really concentrating in the same vectors, as mentioned before. However, they come up with rather different consequences. It is non straightforward which side is deducing misdirecting decisions. We can chiefly place two different political orientations: the one shared by the European Commission and other European establishments ( e.g. : ECB ) and the resistance which is chiefly referred in the literature as the Krugman ‘s position. From reading the different beginnings we can briefly province that the EC defends that higher integrating among states would increase the chance of the OCA standards being satisfied, while the other position provinces that higher integrating would take to a over specialisation job which would go a negative daze itself. Therefore, my probationary decision would be that the statements against the optimum conditions for a common currency in the euro zone are stronger than the others. The chief ground to indicate this out would be that most portion of the statements in favour of OCA conditions in EZ are based in frontward looking outlooks. Therefore I should hold that one of the chief jobs with the euro country was that it was established under future outlooks. This premise led states, like the 1s from the fringe, to be integrated in the EMU and they really did non hold conditions to make so. The demands established by the theory, such as the symmetricalness of dazes, labour market flexibleness and so on, are right so. I would state the misleading job was non a theoretical job. It was alternatively an out of clip phasing-in procedure carried out by the EMU which is non over yet.4. AnnexsGraph 1 – Two Key Optimum Currency Area Properties Beginning: Francesco Paolo Mongelli, † † New † positions on the optimal currency country theory: What is EMU stating us? â€Å" , European Central Bank ( ECB ) , Working Paper No. 138, April 2002

Outline of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt

Introduction Throughout history, humans have been migrating in and out and settling in different areas of the region. Migrating and settling causes people to come together and spread their ideas to others which causes civilizations. Each civilization is created to be equal but separate in their own ways. They are all related to each other in different ways. They have shared similar beliefs, experiences and obstacles. They are both unique culturally, politically and socially. * Thesis: Two civilizations which are similar and different individually are Egypt and Mesopotamia.II. Differences * Geographical Differences 1. Egypt developed North and South hugging the banks of the Nile River Valley. * The Nile River systematically floods which flooded the surrounding banks and made the soil exceptionally rich. * Egypt bordered on the side of sea and dessert which was difficult to invade and conquer it. 2. Mesopotamia has the Tigris and Euphrates River, commonly referred to â€Å"Fertile Cre scent. † * Mesopotamia was formed in between these two rivers. * When Mesopotamia has a flood, they are forced to supply their agricultural lands. Mesopotamia land was easily opened for attack. * Writing Differences 1. Egypt created Hieroglyphics which developed from pictographs to advanced letters. 2. Mesopotamia created cuneiforms which are wedged shaped characters * Political Differences 1. Egypt had a Pharaoh which was passed down from father to son that established a long lasting dynasty. * The Pharaoh was viewed as god-liked and has magical powers. 2. Mesopotamia had a king but their king was usually deposed by invading forces due to the area's poor defensive position. Social Differences 1. In Egypt females had more opportunities to rise in life 2. Mesopotamia had different classes of slaves but all were still treated as properties. * Cultural Differences 1. Egypt did not have a law system set at the time 2. Mesopotamia had the Hammurabi Code which were orders given to c haotic places* Egypt had a longer continuous civilization than Mesopotamia III. Similarities * They were both similar by being polytheistic, believing in more than one god * They both later moved to a sort of monarchy Both of their system led to the creation of strict social classes that usually included a class for priests, traders, farmers and laborers. * Egypt and Mesopotamia both created pyramid structures * These two civilizations both first developed advance systems of writing. * Egypt and Mesopotamia created calendars beginning with the sun’s or moon’s cycle * These two civilizations both used their main rivers for trades and access to a major source of freshwater. * They used their river valleys for water for fertile crops and both have floods. Both of these civilization has structures which organizes classes within groups IV. Conclusion * Restate thesis * Till this day, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are still known as a huge impact in history. * Brief summary of the important similarities and differences * Why was the history of these two civilizations important? * What were some things that these civilization spread throughout and the result of it? * How are these two civilization related to today? * Analysis of this essay * End with a personal statement

Banksy

Who is Banksy? That is what everybody has been asking each other for the last couple of years. Although he is quite famous nobody knows much about him. All we know is his real name might be Robert Banks or Robin Gunningham and he was born in Bristol, but what we do know Banksy is an anonymous England based graffiti artist, film director and painter. He is known for his sarcastic street art and subversive fun combine cheekiness with dark humor with graffiti done in a distinctive stenciling technique. Such artistic works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world. Banksy's work was born out of the Bristol underground scene which involved teamwork between artists and musicians. According to wall and piece book, banksy was born in 1974 and raised in Bristol, England. The son of a photocopier technician, he trained as a butcher but became involved in graffiti during the great Bristol aerosol boom of the late 1980s. People have different perceptions on what art should be. People often use art as a tool, which helps people express there point of view on life and art has different categories that range from looking at a tree in the bush in depth to a famous piece of painting in the museum or Art gallery. Banksy defines art as something that should be looked at in depth so the person that is looking at the art should look at it longer and in more detail. In the book Wall and Piece book by Banksy artist quotes he is quoted interpreting art as â€Å"The holy grail is to spend less time making the picture than it takes people to look at it. Banksy thinks Art is an amazing way for individuals to express themselves, and people always link it to controversy. Art can be for a person’s individual desire, motivation, or hobby, but it can also be a political message or inspiration for an entire world. A lot of famous artist use there own techniques, styles, and structures in order to implement there ideas into a form of art. An secretive artist from England by the name of Banksy is famous through his notorious and unique forms of art, usually graffiti art, and has inspired many people around the world. They call his work Monkey Parliament is incredible because it is addressing many political issues and creates a different perspective of the world. Although many people have diverse definitions of art, several believe that controversial art is brilliant due to the fact that it portrays symbols that often cannot be expressed in words and exposes a message that can inspire an individual or an entire world in many ways. Is Banksy's work art or vandalism? define:vandalism The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or person having control. define:art uman endeavor thought to be aesthetic and have meaning beyond simple description. Includes music, dance, sculpture, painting, drawing, stitchery, weaving, poetry, writing, woodworking, etc. A medium of expression where the individual and culture come together. Based on these two definitions Bansky's work is both art and vandalism. The problem with street art as I see it is that those who mainly consider it vandalism doesn't recognize it as art whereas those who mainly think of it as art more often can recognize it as vandalism as well. I think Banksy does some good for this problem since his pieces often are so thought provoking and technically good. How does Banksy make money while keeping his identity hidden? Banksy has friends that ARE willing to keep his identity secret, they find art dealers that are also willing to trust that the banksy art is the real deal. money to the dealer, from the dealer to the friend. There is no real definition for what is beautiful or appealing to the human eye. Banksy is said to be an artist by some and a graffiti lawbreaker by others. Basically, it is up to the person to define Banksy as someone who is doing the right thing verses doing the wrong thing. Banksy creates his graffiti pictures to make a stand for what he believes is the right way to look at controversial issues. Some people may not like Banksy’s graffiti because they do not have the same views as him. Some people might not like it because graffiti is vandalism and they see no art in vandalism. People who dislike his stencil graffiti art consider Banksy a lawbreaker. I personally believe that Banksy is a unique artist that will make a statement with his art, all the while

Evaluating the impact of CSR on consumer buying behaviour, An Essay

Evaluating the impact of CSR on consumer buying behaviour, An empirical study from the UK consumer, and company perspective - Essay Example any develops and the more that it increases in size, the more does it become visible to the public’s consciousness and the more that it is expected to be responsible for its business processes and the impact of such processes on society (Daub & Ergenzinger, 2006). Corporate social responsibility is something that is focused on doing not only what is right but what is fair, while at the same time, avoiding causing harm. It can therefore be perceived as a manner with which a company regulated its activities (Moir, 2001). Corporate sustainability on the other hand, refers to the sustainable development and the ability of a company to generate performance for the long-term, in order to make sure that the company survives amidst its competition (Munilla & Miles, 2005). However, in order to make sure that corporate sustainability is possible, it is important that the company makes sure that they meet the needs and expectations of their stakeholders, while they also seek to protect, support and enhance the resources acquired from human labour and the natural resources that are needed by the entire community in future years (Strategic Direction, 2008). According to Van der Putten (2005), the stakeholder theory is one that has brought about the importance of corporate social responsibility or CSR among business organizations. Based in this theory, companies do not only have a responsibility towards the society within which they hold their operations, but also their shareholders, their employees, their consumers, their suppliers and their local communities (Vogel, 2005). In this context, it is the responsibility of any company to make sure that they are able to give something back to the entire community and the environment, both of which have helped them to become successful, or continues to contribute to their success (Bronn & Vrioni, 2001). The implementation and the continuation of corporate social responsibility among business organizations actually ‘constitutes

Argumentative Research paper on being AGAINST Standardized Testing of

Argumentative on being AGAINST Standardized Testing of Students - Research Paper Example These reasons, however, do not outweigh the severe misconceptions that standardized tests often project, due to their flawed nature. Since 1914, which was when standardized I.Q. tests convinced the world that America was a ‘Nation of Morons’, this type of tests has been realized for its often misguiding nature (Gould, pp. 349-352). One of the biggest flaws with standardized testing is how little importance this test gives to individuality. Standardized tests are used for several purposes; from measuring the intelligence level of human beings to screening out applicants for an available job. Such tests are often set in a predictable pattern, with multiple-choice questions and one-word answers (Phelps, pp. 23-54). These tests do not leave room for creativity, nor do they allow the test-taker to choose beyond the choices given in the paper. Resultantly, they are set to measure only a few specific characteristics, while disregarding other possibly important ones (Sacks, pp. 150-165). An Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) test, which contains difficult mathematical problems, for instance, will only measure an applicant’s mathematical I.Q., and judge the applicants with a high mathematical I.Q. as the most intelligent. Meanwhile, applicants who may not have a strong mathematical capability will be judged less intel ligent, even if they have high social or artistic I.Q.s, which the test failed to measure. Moreover, this pattern of testing also implies that the applicants are needed to be standardized and generic themselves, with no need for individuality (Kuncel, Hezlett, and Ones, pp 148-161). It awards instead, the applicants who have managed to transform into clones of the standard. This means that this type of testing is not advisable for instances where the applicant’s creativity is in question. For example, in the case of an architectural school,

Organizational performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational performance - Essay Example A plan and forecast for the workforce should be developed. It should include the number of employees, recruitment base and training program. In addition, recognizing that experienced workforce is success, they should be included in the program. It will involve a recruiting process was certification; referrals and expertise skills are ranked of the candidates. Taking up leadership positions is a fact pegged on ability from self-will and experience. It will be achieved by offering training opportunities, holding regular meetings to streamline perception and channel the energies of the workforce. It has been proved that rewarding of staff is a good way to empower their individual strategies for development. Building their art of communication, influence abilities and responsibility is paramount. The aspect of staff retention raises eyebrows in most of the company’s agenda. It is worthless to come up with a team of talented members, only to lose them again. Offering competitive packages should be first on the workforce plan for conservation will enable the firm built a name in the market and conquer new markets within the South America. Moreover, working environment conditions in terms of developing a mutual relationship will help to develop coherence of team members; mutual respect, opinion space and leadership offers. Making them feel part of the organization by offering them a stake of it builds the confidence of working with a company for longer periods. The south America is a good source when talent is

Forensics Based On Evidence Gathered With Peep Attacks Essay

Forensics Based On Evidence Gathered With Peep Attacks - Essay Example Cybercrime has been cited as one of the most prevalent problems in society. The vast majority of investigators perceive this crime to be on the rise and of becoming an ever increasingly complex and multi-faceted problem. This paper attempts to clarify the complex investigation effort following a Peep attack. We describe evidence collection and problem-solving techniques in the application of computer forensic analyses. A Peep attack is one of the most notorious hacking tools, based on the Robot Network (Botnet) Structure. A Botnet is a term for a collection of zombie systems and autonomous software robots. The threat from Botnets is growing at an alarming rate and the attack techniques are becoming increasingly sophisticated. The majority of the literature describing Botnet attacks is focused on a varied level of IRC-based malware, the activity of Spam mail and the structure of Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS). However, some Botnets are used primarily for data collection, remote control or various other purposes (Microsoft Corporation, 2005). Botnets have gained a significant presence on the Internet as a remote control means for malicious purposes. A Botnet can run programs under the control of a managed network infrastructure. In practice, Botnet communities usually have one or several owners and rely on individual friend-to-friend relationships for their operation (Desmond, 2005). Because new attacks originating from a Botnet are difficult to identify by default fingerprinting., there is rarely a geographically identifiable pattern to the distribution of the infected computers. Firewalls cannot readily be configured to react to a Botnet attack by using information obtained from previous attacks. The Peep attack is still a developing technique. In this paper we introduce a digital forensic analysis applied to the investigation of a Peep attack, and discuss some of the resulting problems and concerns. Although differing somewhat from the original definition of IRC Botnets, a huge network of zombie computers is

Foreign investment and country risks in Saudi Arabia Dissertation

Foreign investment and country risks in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example 1.2 Introduction The research report is about the FDI prospects in Saudi Arabia. The researcher has made an attempt to conduct primary research with the help of interviews ad questionnaires to analyse the topic along with an in-depth analysis of some previous researches of the topic. 1.3 Background According to Vazquez, Fournier & Flores (2009, pp.257-270), Saudi Arabia, being a developing country, has a large amount of foreign direct investment. The country’s government has made heavy investments in the infrastructure so that FDI is attracted. The government welcomes FDI as it brings in technology, employment opportunities, trained workforce, makes efficient use of domestic raw materials and enhances economic development. As per Korgstup & Matter (2005), forty five percent of the GDP and 90% of the export earnings are from the petroleum sector. The country’s economic development is also dependent upon 6 million overseas workers. With the signing of the World Trade Orga nization agreement, many opportunities have opened for investment in the country especially in the oil and service sector where the country is concentrating on producing the products rather than exporting raw materials. According to Benbya, Passiante and Belbaly (2004, pp. 201–220)m Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may be defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. This involves a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate that together make a transnational corporation (TNC). For such an agreement to be termed as FDI, the parent firm should have the control over the other affiliate. However, Korgstup & Matter (2005) argues, any sort of investment in a foreign land should done carefully as there may be several risks involved and many issues may occur over the course of the investment. For example language and cultural barriers in Saudi Arabia limit the scope of the investment tremendously and therefore the investor should have a through understanding of the market he is venturing. Moreover, there may be differences in business negotiation styles, religion, social norms and etiquettes that may impact the FDI. The report of UNCTAD (2002), on Foreign Direct Investment to the Middle East countries recorded a decrease of 33% dropping in 2002, from $6.7 billion in 2001 to $4.5 billion in 2002, that accounted for approximately 2.8% of total FDI inflow in the Developing Countries. This was mainly due to the regional political unrest, which in turn had an impact on their global business relationships. Moreover, according to Korgstup & Matter (2005) the region along with Saudi Arabia is not a plausible place for foreign investment due to such unrest and investors are seeking new markets for their future investment due to these political vagaries. 1.3 Aims of the Dissertation: 1.3.1 The objectives of the research are to: 1.Identify the various ris ks that a foreign investment faces in Saudi Arabia and how they affect foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment is essential for Saudi Arabia and is essential for the growth of the country. However, there are many problems and difficulties that foreign investors have to face when they invest in Saudi Arabia, which deters new investors to explore this market. In this research an attempt will be made to identify these problems and issues that are causing difficulties for these foreign firms that in turn are affecting foreign direct

Concept of Justice in Bhagavad Gita Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of Justice in Bhagavad Gita - Essay Example The Bhagavad Gita is considered to be the sacred text of Hinduism and has pivotal importance. It has about seven hundred verses and its instructor is Krishna, who is the Divine One(The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 1010). In this allegorical representation of justice, the five Pandava brothers return to their land only to find out that it has been taken over by their relatives. The five brothers make peaceful attempts to ensure that their cousins return, what is rightfully theirs. However, the cousins refuse, which compels Arjuna to compel war against them. The war is waged and it is a righteous war in order to ensure that justice is attained in the land (The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 1012). In the Bible, the social justice aspect can be easily witnessed in the verses of Bible (The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 1207). Many of the verses concentrate on the social justice aspect. The verses revolve around the sayings of Jesus, which states that individuals, who have material possessions, must take care of the poor and disadvantaged. At the same time, criticism against racism, partiality, and discrimination can also be seen. The discrimination prevailed against women, poor, lepers, Gentiles and people, who had no rights and no voice(The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 1213). The Koran is considered to be the sacred text of the Muslims. The concept of justice in Koran is based on morality and it is related to the personality of human beings (The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 1426). Justice is very important part of the Koran and it explicitly asserts that God is just and fair in dealing.  

Kotters Leading Change Essay Example for Free

Kotters Leading Change Essay John P. Kotter is an American educator and author. He earned a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science in 1968 from Harvard University, a Master of Science from MIT in 1970, and a Doctor of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School in 1972. He joined the Harvard Business School in 1972 and is currently the Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Leadership, Emeritus, at Harvard Business School. He is cofounder of Kotter International, a leadership organization that helps Global 5000 company leaders accelerate the implementation of their change strategies in a complex environment. He has authored eighteen books including twelve best sellers. This book was written in the mid-1990s when the leadership meta-discipline of change was receiving significant attention both in academia and business. Summary of Concepts The primary thesis of Leading Change is that for organizations to be successful in a significantly changing environment they need to identify where and how top performers derail during the change process, and they need to follow an 8-step process to manage significant change to achieve transformational results. The work begins by showing how the rate of change in the business environment is significant and increasing. This is due to several forces outside an organization including increased competition, globalization, technology improvements, and social trends. The author asserts that organizations have not operated well in this rapidly changing environment as many of their structures, systems, methods, and culture have been more of a drag on change rather than a facilitator of change. Based on the author’s experience, some of the â€Å"common errors† organizations make include allowing too much complacency, not adequately leveraging effective leadership and vision, not sustaining momentum, and not incorporating a culture of change. The work outlines the eight stages that significant change initiatives should proceed through to address these common errors. Stage 1 establishes a sense of urgency by providing more information to more people more often and encourages a willingness to deal honestly with this feedback. Establishing the right sponsorship for change is Stage 2 and includes forming executive teams or coalitions that are key decision-makers, influencers, and resource owners. Stages 3 – 5 leverage leadership best practices (as compared to management practices) with an emphasis on developing a clear and compelling vision, clearly communicating that vision, and engaging employees throughout the organization through increased delegation and responsible risk taking. Stages 6 – 7 maintain change momentum by delivering and celebrating short-term wins and by consolidating those wins into clear results. Stage 8 incorporates these chan ge best practices into the corporate culture to facilitate on-going change. The work concludes with an emphasis on developing leaders through a culture of life-long learning and leadership development. Critical Evaluation Kotter’s purpose is to present a practical approach for organizations to use to implement significant change programs. This approach intends to address the author’s assumption that businesses have not performed well based on common errors such as complacency, unclear vision, lack of change momentum, and lack of a culture of change. The strength of the 8-step change process is that it is easy to understand and implement. Another strength is that the differences between management practices and leadership practices are clearly delineated. It strongly emphasizes the point that successful change initiatives need to be leadership driven. The 8-step process outlines how to leverage these leadership practices. The work falls short in a number of areas. First, and through the author’s own declaration, there is no attempt to cite other sources as evidence to bolster his conclusions. The work is based on the author’s experience and writings. There is no research pre sented that supports the efficacy of the 8-step change process. Second, the change process is presented sequentially making it an oversimplification. Although the author briefly acknowledges that many of the stages are concurrent, there is no advice on how to manage multiple, concurrent stages. Third, the work links the eight common errors to the eight change stages, but the logic that links these is not always very compelling. For example, error #2, fail to create a guiding coalition is answered by Stage 2, create a guiding coalition. It would have been more persuasive to say that individuals have neither the time nor the expertise to absorb rapid significant change and that a coalition of sponsors could leverage their relative strengths. Finally, the work falls short in addressing organizational culture change. The author suggests in Stage 8 that the culture needs to be adapted. Although culture is defined and its benefits are extolled, there are no real insights or methods offere d. Overall, the author does achieve the goal of laying out a practical and implementable change process for organizations to leverage in their change journeys. All business executives considering significant change programs should read Leading Change.

A History Of Air Pollution In Pietermaritzburg Environmental Sciences Essay

A History Of Air Pollution In Pietermaritzburg Environmental Sciences Essay There is enough scientific evidence from various sources to support the fact that Pietermaritzburg is plagued by air pollution, which is worsened by the topography of the city. There is also much research proving the link between air pollution and asthma. Recent trials show, that not only does air pollution exacerbate asthma, it can actually cause asthma. However, there needs to be further research and trials done to scientifically prove this point. Medical statistics are extremely hard to come by in South Africa, which makes proving the link between air pollution causing asthma difficult. However, there is substantial evidence showing how air pollution triggers asthma attacks and makes them more severe. Air Pollution in Pietermaritzburg: History Past to Present day: Air pollution in Pietermaritzburg is not a new problem. There are over two-hundred newspaper articles in the Witness Newspaper Archives, dating back from the 1980s to present day, reporting on this issue. Old and current photographs of the city often show smog hanging over Pietermaritzburg. In the past, air pollution was caused mainly by cooking fires. However, todays pollution has the added toxicity of man-made pollution from factories and motor vehicles (Banfield, 1992). Twenty percent of Pietermaritzburg residents are affected by air pollution compared to five percent elsewhere in South Africa (Banfield, 1992). Pietermaritzburgs air is monitored by the Msunduzi Municipality, which has recorded that the citys air contains the following pollutants: particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen (oxides), ozone, carbon monoxide and many other harmful gases (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007). Figure 1: Showing the smog formation over Pietermaritzburg: (The Witness Newspaper, 28 June 2008) (Wilson, 2008) Location of Pietermaritzburg: Pietermaritzburg, owing to bad town planning, has all of its main industry and landfill site in the citys bowl. This has resulted in a worsening of air pollution. The N3 highway runs straight through the heart of Pietermaritzburg, as the number of large trucks and vehicles increase, so do the emissions from these vehicles. The timber plantations on the escarpment of the citys basin and sugar plantations on the hilltops, add to the pollution in Pietermaritzburg as these plantations need to be burnt as routine farming practice. (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007) Pietermaritzburgs geographical position in a valley causes a temperature inversion to occur. A temperature inversion is not a normal phenomenon, it only occurs in a valley (such as Pietermaritzburg) and the effect is worsened in winter. The cold air sinks down the sides of the valley and remains on the base of the valley frost may form here. The warm air (along with pollutants) then rises and stops half way up the valley slope to form a thermal belt. This belt traps pollutants and enhances their bad properties and negative health impacts, as the pollutants are not able to escape and they remain over the city and cause health hazardous smog to form. The diagrams below show the effect of the Temperature Inversion in Pietermaritzburg: (Sherriffs, 1989) Major Contributors of Air Pollution: The major contributors of air pollution in Pietermaritzburg are: emissions from industry, motor vehicles, fires at the landfill site and the burning of timber plantations and sugarcane plantations (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007). Major industry, such as FFS Refiners, is guilty of adding to the pollution problem of Pietermaritzburgs air. Below are two graphs showing two of the major pollutants specific to the triggering and severity of asthma: Figure 2: Graph showing the daily averages and acceptable level (in red) of Particulate Matter (air pollution) in Pietermaritzburgs air (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007) Figure 3: Graph showing the daily averages and acceptable level (in red) of Carbon Monoxide (air pollution) in Pietermaritzburgs air (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007) In both graphs pollutants exceed the acceptable national pollution guidelines (highlighted in red) in the months of June and July (winter months) this is owing to the temperature inversion which worsens the pollution problem. Health Problems: Asthma is a chronic health condition, which causes inflammation and narrowing of the lungs airways, which causes difficulty in breathing for the patient and the patient may develop a dry, wheezy cough. Pollutants cause the restriction of the airways, as the pollution particles aggravate the airways of the lungs. Dr R.Gilbert, a general practitioner in Pietermaritzburg with an interest in asthma, states that the number of asthma patients that he treats is much higher than one would expect to find in a town the size of Pietermaritzburg. Dr Gilbert mentioned that Dr W.Robates, an ENT specialist, and Dr A.F.Jooma, a paediatrician, supported his views that the air pollution in Pietermaritzburg is a very real problem, which, without doubt, has a significant effect on the control and severity of asthma. He also states that many of his patients who leave Pietermaritzburg for significant lengths of time and then return often do not suffer from their asthma condition while out of the city. However, on returning, their allergies and asthma symptoms reoccur (Gilbert, 2010, Robates, 2010 and Jooma, 2010). In a telephonic interview with Umbalica Balrashie, the regional sales manager for Glaxo Smith Kline, a leading pharmaceutical company which promotes asthma products, information was provided noting that the three highest sales areas for asthma medication in Kwa-Zulu Natal are Richards Bay, Durban South and Pietermaritzburg. Both Richards Bay and Durban South are highly industrialised areas with significant air pollution emissions, when compared to Pietermaritzburg but owing to Pietermaritzburgs temperature inversion, the pollutants are intensified and therefore, the triggering and severity of asthma attacks in Pietermaritzburg are equal to these two industrialised areas (Balrashie, 2010). Community Views and Issues: Many residents in Pietermaritzburg have complained about the issue of air pollution in the city. In the year 1993, Pietermaritzburg residents spent nearly R1,5 million on asthma medication, stating that the citys pollution has significantly contributed to these costs (Quinlain, 1993). There have been many cases reported of families moving to Pietermaritzburg, and developing asthma or suffering from worsening existing asthma conditions, simply owing to the exposure and intensity of the citys air pollution, which is enhanced and worsened by the temperature inversion. Residents in Pietermaritzburg have complained continuously about the state of the citys air. However, the Msunduzi Municipality have done little about the pollution levels, as these levels of emissions are under the accepted and legal levels during most of the year. What the municipality has failed to promote to National Government is the fact that Pietermaritzburg is situated in a valley which causes a temperature inversion, ultimately worsening the levels of pollutants hanging above the city (in smog). This results in the pollutants being trapped over Pietermaritzburg. Industry and the Local Governments Role: Industry is responsible for the output of toxic emissions, which need to be monitored. Local Government need to take a more stringent and committed stance in relation to industry emission levels. The government needs to create awareness about air pollution and its negative health effects. Car emissions are great contributors to health problems (such as asthma). Pollution warning systems have been taught to the public in the United Kingdom (UK) by the government. South Africa needs to do the same (Hutton, 2010). The South African government has recently (March 2010) invested in a new air quality monitoring system (ODonnell, 2010), which monitors the amount of pollutants in the air and the quality of air (whether good or bad). The major areas of concern that need air-quality assessment and monitoring include transportation areas such as highway routes and main roads, urban areas, municipalities and local community exposure. (ODonnell, 2010) this suggests that Pietermaritzburg should be monitored closely along the main highway through the city and where industry is situated. However, for this to be successful, the local government needs to maintain the monitoring system and it costs a lot of money. This maintenance of the monitoring system needs to be put into South Africas yearly budget for the municipalities. National government needs to constantly assess the problematic pollution cities, such as Pietermaritzburg. This monitoring system should show improvement in the air. If not, the government can ascertain from the monitoring system which pollutants are most rife and where they are being emitted from. National government, together with Local government, could then work on strategies to lower the toxic emissions which ultimately cause health problems. Solutions: N3 Highway The N3 highway is a problem as heavy duty trucks create huge emissions. The railroads should be reintroduced to transport containers from Durban Harbour to Johannesburg. This would dramatically reduce the number of big trucks on the highway and as they often travel in the early hours of the morning, air pollution would be reduced as the temperature inversion is most significant in the early hours of the morning. Industry Local Government needs to work with industry in Pietermaritzburg to improve the amount of emissions that factories produce. As discussed, in an interview with Mr J.Pather, the Head of Environmental Health Services at Msunduzi Municipality, industry have complied in many instances to reduce emissions. From information supplied by Mr C.J.Anthony, Pollution Control Coordinator at Msunduzi Municipality, many specific air pollution issues have been dealt with. For example, Greys hospitals oil furnace has been replaced with paraffin (Anthony, Nov 2007 and June 2007). No further industry should be built in the citys bowl, this will contain the present air pollution. Pietermaritzburgs New England Landfill Site The New England Landfill Site needs to be moved out of the citys bowl. The particulate fall out is unacceptable and because of the temperature inversion, the pollution emissions are worsened. The municipality has attempted to improve conditions but the fact is that the landfill site needs to be moved elsewhere. Burning There are strict regulations concerning the burning of forests and sugarcane. These need to be monitored and implemented to prevent fire emissions in the wrong seasons. Monitoring National Government needs to work closely with Local Government and provide funds which will allow the municipality to upgrade and maintain air pollution monitoring equipment. Constraints: Economic Msunduzi Municipality is in a crisis. The control of air pollution is a low priority at present. It would be a huge expense to fix railroads and to move the Landfill Site. Pietermaritzburg lacks both funds and skills to drive the concept of clean air. Environmental Pietermaritzburg is surrounded by timber plantations and sugarcane farms. This cannot be changed. Conclusion: It is scientifically proven that air pollution triggers and increases the severity of asthma attacks. The link between air pollution and asthma is an accepted fact by specialists throughout the world. In recent years scientists have shown that air pollution from cars, factories and power plants is a major cause of asthma attacks. Further research is currently underway in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA) to prove this theory. Pietermaritzburg has high levels of particulate matter and ozone which are two pollutants directly responsible for the triggering of asthma attacks. The temperature inversion in Pietermaritzburg is a known geographical fact which worsens the pollution significantly. It is therefore scientifically correct to state that air pollution in Pietermaritzburg is worsened by the temperature inversion and this air pollution triggers and worsens asthma attacks.

Artisitc License: Color Vision and Color Theory :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Artisitc License: Color Vision and Color Theory Imagine yourself in an art museum. You wander slowly from cold room to cold room, analyzing colored canvases on stark white walls. When you reach a particular work, do you prefer to stand back and take everything in at once? Or do you move so close to the painting that the individual brushstrokes become apparent? Several different sensory processes occur in your brain during this trip to the art museum; the majority of them involve visual inputs. How does your brain put together all the information that your eyes receive? This raises questions ranging from depth of field to color. The ideas of color perception and color theory are interesting ones. How do humans account for color and does it truly exist? I think that by examining not only the neurological on-goings in the brain, but by learning about color through philosophy, and even art, a greater understanding of it can be reached. Before delving into the philosophy of color and the questions posed by different pieces of art, the biological basis process of HOW color is seen should be explained. The retina is a neural sheet, containing the photoreceptors called rods and cones that is located at the back of the eye. Between the retina and the optic nerves leading to the brain are a series of cells that create a lateral inhibition network of the light/dark signals from the photoreceptors (1). This throws away a lot of the information generated by the photocells and gives the brain a "picture" of the edges of light and dark. The contrasts are created, leaving the brain to fill in the rest. Color vision is even more complex. Cones (the light adapted photoreceptor) contain three different photopigments, red, green, and blue, each corresponding to a particular wavelength of light (2). Color is a property of three things: the ratio of red/green activation, blue response, and value or lightness (3). The brain utilizes visual inputs to determine each of these, thus generating the characteristic color. One of the most important (and most interesting) conclusions of the biology of vision is that color is not technically generated by physical reality. Color appears to be a mental construct, and therefore, everyone views color differently. The rationale one is often given for the color of particular objects is the following: light consists of all colors. When light strikes an object in absorbs most of the wavelengths of light, but those that it reflects correspond to the color one sees.

The Quest of the Holy Grail Essay -- Analysis, Galahad

Galahad was a Knight of the Round Table of Arthurian legend. He is almost always portrayed as the pure knight, and for this he is rewarded with the Holy Grail. He is mentioned in many writings in history including 12th century Cistercian monk writing The Quest of the Holy Grail, Sir Thomas Malory’s Selected Tales of King Arthur and his Knights, and Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Sir Galahad. After reading the next several pages, one should begin to understand the similarities and differences portrayed in these writings, along with some others. The reader will explore how Galahad resists temptation, his quests including the Holy Grail, any romantic encounters including God, and how the writings presented may contradict. After completing the reading the reader should be able to note in what ways Galahad is similar or different in early and modern writings. The first writing selected is The Quest of the Holy Grail. An unknown author wrote this selection though believed to be a 12th century Cistercian monk. As the title implies the main story is in fact the spiritual quest for the Holy Grail. The Holy Grail in this case being the platter from which Jesus Christ served bread at the Last Supper. The Grail is full of many rewards to whoever achieves it including eternal life, and the ability to heal some ailments. Galahad is first presented in this novel by three nuns, â€Å"a youth so fair and so well-made that it was hard indeed to find his peer (Quest 33).† Lancelot then knights him unbeknownst of who he is. A few pages later, a quest is presented to Arthur and his Knights. It is a sword inlayed into a stone, with gold writing that reads, â€Å"none shall take me hence but he at whose side I am to hang. And he shall be the best knight in th... ...alahad is portrayed still as a noble knight, however not that of the Lord, instead a Pagan. Galahad is also similar in age to Lancelot and Arthur, therefore making it seem that the reference of Lancelot being Galahad’s father is nonexistent. There is also no Grail quest, and thus eliminates the motive of God that drives Galahad in all other writings presented. In conclusion, Galahad is portrayed in the presented writings as pure, and the knight of God, for whom the Grail is saved. Throughout the selected readings, there are remarkable similarities showing this, however very few differences. As noted, Galahad does endure many tasks, and resists many temptations of sin. The reader should now have a better understanding of how Galahad is presented in early and more modern works, including each author’s depiction, and the qualities, which they entitle to Galahad.

Education Beyond Undergraduate Essay -- Masters Graduate School Essays

Education Beyond Undergraduate Graduate or professional education is an often-debated topic for a large number of University seniors. Regardless of the undergraduate degree many students must decide whether to enter the job market or go to school for another couple of years. When these students are faced with this decision it is important to look at what they consider. Is it job satisfaction, future pay, or the mere fact that they want to spend a few more years in college? These issues are all very important to students in very different manners. An important reason students consider continuing their education beyond their undergraduate degree is job satisfaction. Through my marketing classes, I have learned that my generation (generation X) is more concerned with their job satisfaction than compensation or benefits. Was job satisfaction a motivator in my decision to continue my education beyond graduate school? Definitely, I feel that with the graduate degree I plan to receive will enable me to attain a job that will make me happy. I think that this is something all college students think about when they try to pick a major in college. If I am satisfied with my job when I get into the â€Å"real world,† it will not matter to me what pay I receive. Is it possible that there are students who decide to continue their education just for the difference in pay they receive? I truly think it is. It is important to consider how students that go beyond an undergraduate degree pay for their schooling. As a person who is planning to go through Law School, I think that whether or not a person goes beyond undergraduate depends on how hard they struggled financially during their undergraduate schooling. I feel that if th... ...hings are very important to a lot of people. A large number of people want to receive an education that gives them a better shot at being economically stable in the future. It is very important for students to consider an education beyond undergraduate. I believe that many students are faced with this decision at the end of each school year. It is also viable to believe that these three items in this essay are of great significance to these graduating seniors. When a student spends four to five years in undergraduate school, they feel worn out and feel that school is the last place that they want to be. But, after considering some of these facts, they may feel that a graduate or professional education is exactly what they should do whether they look at future job satisfaction, future compensation, or just want to spend a few more years with their friends.

Health and Safety Policy of Dublin Bus Essay

This safety statement has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Sections 19 & 20 of the Safety, Health & Welfare at Work Act, 2005. This Safety Statement specifies commitment, lines of responsibility and accountability for safety together with a list of Risk Assessments within the organisation. In July 2007 new and revised â€Å"General Application Regulations 2007† were published. These Regulations were signed into Law on the 1st November 2007. Prescribed under the SHWW Act 2005, these Regulations provide details of how compliance with Health & Safety legislation is to be applied in the workplace. These Regulations have been examined and appear at regular intervals throughout the Dublin Bus Safety Statement. Company Commitment The company is committed to ensuring so far as is reasonably practicable, the Safety, Health and Welfare at work of all of its employees, as required under Section 8 of the Act, with particular regard to The provision and maintenance of a safe and healthy working environment. The provision of a safe place of work and means of access to and egress from it. The provision and maintenance of plant and equipment and of systems of work that are as safe and without risk to health as is reasonably practicable to achieve. The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision will enhance the health and safety at work if its employees and prevent improper conduct and behaviour occurring. The safety and absence of risk to health in the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances including the provision of suitable protective clothing and equipment where hazards cannot be eliminated. The arrangement for adequate facilities for welfare, including medical and occupational health services. The maintenance of the safety, health and welfare at work of its employees which is as important as the management of production, cost effectiveness, sales etc. It is company policy to provide the appropriate resources of time, personnel, expertise and finance as required under Section 12 of the Act to enable the above responsibilities to be met. Dublin Bus is committed to the highest standard of Housekeeping. The company is committed to keeping its workplaces clean and hygienic. The company is committed to high standards of lighting in all work areas. The company will ensure comfortable working temperature, Suitable clothing is provided that is adequate where necessary for work outdoors and in inclement weather/conditions Good ventilation while attempting to minimise draughts,  Mechanical ventilation where fresh air supply is insufficient Heating systems which do not give off fumes into the workplace, Noise levels controlled to reduce nuisance as well as damage to health, Heat stress reduced by controlling radiant heat by positioning heater units at correct levels and installing independent unit controls. It is illegal for staff to smoke in a depot, on a bus or in offices or any other indoor work areas. Under no circumstances should staff smoke in the workplace except in designated areas. The risk is minimised by implementing good housekeeping standards, safe working practices and use of safe materials by cleaning staff, and insistence on the use of appropriate footwear. Sharp Object/ needle Stick Injury There is a risk to all staff, particularly night cleaning staff associated with picking up miscellaneous discarded items that are too large for removal by the vacuum. Medium Staff notices highlight the importance of vigilance in regard to these hazards. Pick-up staff should use protective gloves at all times. Drivers Internal Vehicle Movement The hazards associated with the internal movement of vehicles include serious or fatal injury to persons and property damage Medium To minimise the risk all staff when driving on Dublin Bus property must not exceed posted limit, must not turn too sharply, must not drive too close to persons and must only reverse when necessary. As interface can’t be avoided, the company is committed to implement such precautions as are practical, the provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Guardia to improve security Manual Handling Many employees working within the Dublin Bus Depots are involved in some manual lifting and handling as part of their daily working duties. Any manual handling of loads can pose a hazard to employees Medium Dublin Bus Depots ensure that no person will be expected to lift loads that would likely to cause him/her injury. Lifting equipment is provided in all locations for all tasks that involve lifting. Dublin Bus Depots Portable Hand Tools Common injuries from use of hand tools include cuts, burns and pinches Medium It is Dublin Bus policy to purchase only portable electric tools that conform to the highest safety standard. Dublin Bus depots Cash/ Stock Security Many Dublin Bus premises have got cash and / or ticket stocks. There is always a threat of robbery in these locations Low All cash offices are designed to high security requirements. Six monthly security reviews take place in each Garage, and an annual audit by the insurance underwrite takes place. Mr James McHugh Protection against Assault and Robbery Almost all Dublin Bus routes are Autofare. This has removed robbery as the principal motivation for attack on drivers. Medium The provision and maintenance or radios on all buses and liaison with local Gardai to improve security Mr James McHugh Vehicle Breakdown There are a number of risks surrounding the operation of vehicle breakdown. Usually personnel from both traffic and maintenance are involved and I n many instances, customers are involved. Medium Engineering Staff will have to attend the scene to assess the vehicle and either make an on the spot repair or recover the vehicle to the garage for further investigations and repair. Engineering Staff Operation of Vehicles A risk of injury associated with crews taking over or while operating vehicles exists. Medium Staff must be aware of any spillage in garages/ garage yards or on the open road Engineering Staff Driver Fatigue Risk of causing accident High Drivers should get periods of high quality sleep and rest. Make sure that drivers working and driving schedules are kept within reasonable. Drivers Record your Findings Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Duties of Employers Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of any place of work under the employer’s control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the design, provision and maintenance of safe means of access and egress from any place of work under the employer’s control. Duty to ensure the provision of systems of work that are planned, organised, performed and maintained so as to be safe and without risk to health. Duty to ensure the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of employees. Duties of Employees To take reasonable care for his/her own safety, health and welfare and that of any other person who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions To  co-operate with the employer and any other person to enable the employer or other person to comply with statutory obligations. To use any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means provided intended to secure the employee’s safety, health and welfare and To report to the employer or immediate supervisor, without unreasonable delay, and safety/health defects in plant, equipment, place of work or system of work, of which he/she becomes aware. Risk & Safety Management The health and safety Manager, Mr. James McHugh, will provide proactive support for the safety, health and welfare of employees, visitors and contractors, the safety of customers and other road users and security of premises, fleet and equipment. Safety awareness among employees, customers and others affected by Dublin Bus activities shall be promoted and guidance and direction provided for management in all matters relating to safety. Staff safety training will be organised across all areas of the Company. Safety Audits, risk assessments and safety monitoring will continue to form the basis of effective risk management. Liaison with external bodies will include the Health and Safety Authority, the National Industrial Safety Organisation, the National Safety Council, IBEC, The Construction Industry Federation, the Institution of Occupation Safety and Health, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, the Road Safety Authority as well as independent, commercial occupational safety and health consultative, training and fire survey agencies. Responsibility The Chief Executive, Mr. Paddy Doherty, is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the Safety Statement by taking a direct interest in the Company’s Safety, Health and Welfare activities and affording support in terms of staffing and resources to those whose responsibility it is to carry it out. The discharge of this responsibility devolves on the Chief Engineer Dublin Bus Mr. Shane Doyle, whose deputy for the purpose of the SHWW Act 2005 is Mr. James McHugh, Health and safety Manager. He will ensure that senior managers are aware of and implement their responsibility in relation to managers reporting to them. Co-operation of Employees Dublin Bus employees are legally obliged to co-operate in the promotion of Safety, Health & Welfare in the workplace, as specified under Section 13 of the 2005 Act. Safety Representatives As required under Section 25 of the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, Safety Representatives have been elected to represent the Safety, Health & Welfare interest of employees. Appropriate training is made available to Representatives and they are afforded facilities for the carrying out of their duties as specified in Section 25. In addition to informal everyday contact between local management/supervision and Safety Representatives, regular meetings will be held between local Management and Safety Representatives and a record of the proceedings will be maintained. Training Manager Employee Development & Equality Ms. Pat Normanly is responsible for formal staff training within the company. As our core business is primarily related to bus driver training, Mr John Flynn, Training School Manager, is responsible for the day to day running of these training programmes. To ensure the effective implementation of the Safety Statement and to ensure that employees are able to discharge their responsibilities in a safe and healthy environment, appropriate training will be given as required both from within the Company’s resources and also utilising outside expertise. All Engineering staff, whether commencing employment with Dublin Bus or transferring from another depot, will receive induction training to ensure that they fully understand the hazards, safety precautions and emergency procedures associated with working in the particular Depot. They will be given a tour of the depot in its entirety so they are familiar with the layout, fire escapes, assembly points etc. this should be conducted by the Engineering Manager and must also include a briefing on fire safety procedures and a review of any site-specific hazards. In order to ensure that each employee receives a complete and comprehensive induction, Engineering Managers should complete the prescribed form and retain a copy on the employee’s file. In compliance with the terms of the Safety, Health, Welfare at Work Act 2005 and the General Application Regulation 2007, Dublin Bus will provide mandatory training where necessary. Fire Prevention Responsibility for the Management of the Company’s Fire Prevention policies rests with Mr. Shane Doyle, Chief Engineer, Dublin Bus. His deputy is Aidan McGinty, Assistant Engineer. Engineering Managers are responsible for the implementation of fire precautions in their respective locations, as is the materials Manager in regard to the Materials Handling premises in Broadstone, Area Manager (central) in Central Control and Administration Officer, Human Resources Department in Earl Place. Drivers who discover a fire on their bus, or if a fire is brought to their attention by a customer must follow these instructions. Stop the bus immediately and switch off engine/main switch Evacuate customers from the bus to a place of safety Call control and request assistance of Fire Brigade If fire is small and safe to tackle, use fire extinguisher on boards bus If not, leave the bus and go to place of safety with customers and await assistance First Aid All Dublin Bus sites have a First Aid Room, have trained First Aiders and equipped with First Aid Provisions. All employees new to a site must familiarise themselves with local arrangements. New First Aid Regulations were introduced in November 2008. Employees who suffer injury in the course of their employment are required to present themselves for appropriate treatment. Treatment may be carried out in the place of work by the approved First Aider or by referral to hospital or other. First Aiders are required to keep appropriate records. First Aiders are also required to acquaint their Supervisors when first aid supplies require replenishing. Emergency Plan Emergency evacuation plans are part of the overall fire safety system and are outline to fire marshals and wardens in the course of the training. All locations have plans displayed outlining the procedure to be adopted in the event of an emergency. These evacuation plans, are routinely checked by the local manager. Fire Wardens are appointed and trained and the statutory evacuation of premises is carried out twice yearly. Review and update Printed copies of the Dublin Bus Safety Statement are held by Management and Safety Representatives. Copies are also available at each location for the further information and perusal of all employees and are freely available to any member of the staff, on request. The Safety Statement is also available for viewing on the Dublin Bus â€Å"Busnet† system, the Public and Work Driver on your computer and the Public Folders of your email Inbox. Additionally, the Safety Statement is available to any other person, e.g. contractors likely to be affected by Dublin Bus activities. The Dublin Bus Safety Statement, which is a â€Å"living document†, will be updated at least annually as per Section 20 of the SHWW Act 2005. Where necessary it will be revised periodically, or as directed.

Reaction Paper: Oedipus the King Essay

Prophecies, it is a presumption from extraordinary being, maybe from the prophets, gods or goddesses about the destiny of somebody. In the classical story of Oedipus the King, the story revolves about the prophecy made by the god about the destiny of Oedipus. It is a classic literature from the Greek mythology. It is a story about the young boy that was destined to kill his father and will commit incest by being the husband of his mother. Dramatic unities: unity of actions, unity of time, unity of place. Unity of actions, it is the casual connections of events and incidents; unity of time, it is a concept that the tragedy should confine itself as far as possible, to a single revolution of the sun; unity of place, it is a concept about the epic, the epic can narrate the number of actions simultaneously in different parts. These concepts was shown by the story, it simultaneously narrate the actions and also with connections in every scene; it also achieve the unity of time by making all the scenes looks like happen in just a day. Tragic hero, it was describe as a great man who is neither a paragon of virtue and justice nor undergoes the change to misfortune through any real badness or wickedness but because of some mistake. The tragic hero in the story is Oedipus. Hamartia, it may be accompanied by normal imperfection, it was describes as a situation where the hero makes an unintelligent act where you cannot immorally blame him/her. This concept can be seen in the story when Oedipus gets angry on the prophet because of saying he is the one who kill Laius. Hubris, it was describe as the obstacle that the tragic hero will encounter to achieve his goal. This was happen in the story when Oedipus was trying to know the truth, the herdsman didn’t want to talk. Peripeteia, it is the human actions made results exactly opposite to what was intended: it is working in blindness to one’s own defeat. This was seen in the story, it is when Oedipus tried to escape the prophecy, but while escaping, he killed his father where 3 roads met. Anagnorisis, it is the realization of truth, it is the opening of the eyes, sudden lighting flash in the darkness. This concept can see in the scene when herdsman tell the truth, and Oedipus was shocked, even Jocasta; Oedipus made himself blind, while jocasta committed suicide. Catharsis, one of the most difficult concepts in poetics of Aristotle, describes as the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. You can see this in the story, it happens in the scene where the herdsman was forced by Oedipus to reveal the truth; he was scared on how Oedipus will react. As a whole, the story is great. It touches the heart of every reader, and after reading this text, you wish that destiny will not happen to you or your friends and family. A nice text, must read. Sources: 1. http://www.slideshare.net/ashtri/aristotles-poetics-3096300 2. http://www.english.hawaii.edu/criticalink/aristotle/terms/catharsis.html 3. http://www.ohio.edu/people/hartleyg/ref/aristotletragedy.html

Consequences of Indecision’s Essay

Consequences of Indecision’s The characters are affected by their mistakes in Feed by M.T. Anderson because these characters are all caught up in their indecision to choose what they want to do with their lives. Violet’s father is all caught up in protecting his daughter, Violet the main character, from the negative affects of the feed and how people take advantage of it in a poor manner. He didn’t want that to happen to Violet. The Feed is a device that people in the novel use in their everyday lives. The Feed is a computer chip that gets installed into the brain allowing internet access where ever they are, exposing people to unlimited knowledge. This chip also allows them to have the internet as a part of them so it becomes a part of the brain thus making them all in some since, part robot. He never wanted to get Violet the Feed because he thought it would be terrible for her. He then realized that she needed it in order to have a productive future and live a decent life. The outcome of his delayed decision of installing the Feed caused negative affects on Violet. Violet has similar to her father’s thinking when it comes to the Feed. She can’t decide if she does or doesn’t want to be a part of society. She claims that she loves the Feed because of the knowledge that it has to offer. Violet wants the feed because she also yearns to be accepted into society. She then turns around and says that the Feed is a horrible thing because it separates people from the real world causing them to become unaware of what’s really happening in the world. She also malfunctions in result of being hacked. This is the major issue that Violet and her father come across. Since these characters can’t choose what they actually want with society and the Feed only ends up leading them to their destruction. Violets father’s distraction with his thoughts is caused by his indecision on society with how people act. Many people would think that Violets father was doing the right thing by limiting his daughter to the technology, and they are wrong. If he was so against society then he should have left with Violets mother or just leave in general to get away. If they moved away and he never got her the Feed and she would have never gone to the moon. Apparently those thoughts never occurred to him. So he is living in a society that he strongly dislikes and refuses to become fully part of. His  problem with picking what he wants influenced him to get the Feed installed into her daughter’s brain late, because he realized that she would need it in order to live there and have a successful life. He realized this after he went to a job interview and he still didn’t have the Feed so he couldn’t get the job. This hesitation that he had was because he wanted his daughter to have real knowledge that you actually had in your head from memory and education. Not lazy artificial knowledge that she didn’t need to think to know something. He was being stubborn and thought he was doing something good for her. Many people would say that he just wanted to protect her. Well if he really wanted to protect her then why didn’t he just take her and leave that place? At the same time he wants to be around this great technology with its unlimited opportunities. Since he couldn’t choose a side that he wanted to be on he ran into issues because he cou ldn’t choose one or the other. Sadly Violet acts similar to her father. when it comes to Violet , it’s obvious that she is different from everyone else. She knows more then other people do because she had time to think and learn before she got the Feed, along with homeschooling. She has a larger vocabulary then the people that she lives around. Violet also doesn’t have as wide of a vocabulary as her father. She isn’t as intelligent as her father either. She is lonely to the point that she makes announcements into a trash can just to hear the echo of her own voice. She has no real close friends because of homeschooling, making her less exposed to other people in the world. Violet has similar indecision’s as her father, being against the society and with it at the same time just doesn’t work. it has to be one or the other. If not then they will have plenty of issues, because when they go against the way how things function and try to change it only caused them problems that they have to pay for all on there own. Violets i ndividuality and intelligence made her get into problems because she wanted to see if she could trick the Feed to prove that technology can’t over power humans. As Violet goes to the mall to create another profile on her Feed it only backfires. She called this her project. Her project was to create an account that the Feed could not give options to for items that she may like. She tried creating this account by looking at random and odd things at the mall  that had nothing to do with each other, pretending to like them so that the Feed would think she takes an interest in them. This makes the Feed think that she would consider purchasing these items. Violets project backfired because she never bought anything that she made the Feed think she liked. The Feed was offering her these items, expecting her to buy some of them. When she never did apply to purchasing anything, Violet got hacked everything started to malfunction and her father couldn’t pay for the care and FeedTech had no interest in helping her because she wasn’t a good investment to society. No one from FeedTech or the inverters of FeedTech wanted to sponsor for her health needs because of her poor shopping records. These records stated, that she had looked up information on items and she didn’t purchase any of them. Violets project was a horrible idea because her father couldn’t afford to pay for all the tests that she needed. The warranty had also expired years ago. There is nothing that they can do for her now but wait as her father regrets not getting Violets Feed late. When Violet got hacked, it somehow damaged her Feed and no one was sure why. While she was in the hospital she was told by the doctors that her Feed should stabilize over time, it never did. Her Feed only progressed to worsen as time went on. Even when she was working on her project in the mall Violet didn’t consider how her actions would affect her . She knew that attempting to mess with the Feed wasn’t supposed to be done and that didn’t stop her . She went and did it anyway, her indecision to go against the Feed failed because she only got worse in the end. Her body slowly stopped working over time. In the beginning she was losing all feeling in her foot. Similar to having a foot fall asleep. Of course this turned into her whole limbs losing feeling. This resulted in her losing all feeling in both of her legs causing her to fall down the stairs when she was home alone. FeedTech didn’t want to help her because she made a record that stated how she doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t buy anything that she takes interest in. All because she couldn’t make up her mind on what she wanted to do. She attempted to trick the Feed. Then she changed her mind when she was weak and tried getting help from FeedTech after she attempted to mess up the whole system. Since these characters can’t choose what they actually want with society. The Feed only ends up leading them to destruction. Violet and her father made so many mistakes that it came to the point where they couldn’t save her. They refused to cooperate with FeedTech so FeedTech wouldn’t pay for her repairs. When it came to her malfunctioning. They also refused to cover the cost because she messed up her Feed during her project at the mall when she was trying to trick the Feed so that it couldn’t predict or tell her what she would like. Since Violets father was so caught up in protecting his daughter he was protecting her to the point where his choices killed his daughter, destroying everything he has ever worked for because Violet is his life. Violet is all he has left because Violets mother ran away to Africa to escape the society that they claim to hate. When it turned out that them staying is a place that they dislike was all a mistake on it’s own. If they where going to stay they should have accepted the way things are. Violet and her father should have just given into the way of the Feed if they wanted to stay.

The Code Of Ethics In Advocacy

The term advocacy has been used in various contexts such as in legal mechanisms as well as in social services. Yet, the notions on advocacy have a common ground – that is it pertains to an act made for the benefit of other person. By such definition, advocacy can really be used in different circumstances. For example, in courtroom sessions, the prosecution lawyers advocate the legal rights of their client. Obviously, advocacy is used to define how lawyers want to voice out the need of their client for the upholding of the latter’s right.Advocacy can also be seen in services offered by social workers. The social workers act in behalf of unfortunate individuals who wish to improve their social inadequacies. What Advocacy Is? As defined by Neil Bateman, advocacy refers to an act of pleading in support of another person. This implies that the central focus of the concept of advocacy is not the advocate but the subject of his advocacy – that is the achievement of the need of his client. Yet such pleading does not necessarily mean that the advocate would plea for mercy.Such is done by means of conversing logical arguments in order to establish the necessity of the advocacy (Bateman, 2000). In effect, the main thesis in the definition of advocacy is that it is done to uphold the welfare rights of those people who are socially marginalized. The function of the advocate then is to make it clear to the other party that there is a need for the betterment of these marginalized people. Furthermore, the concept of advocacy wants to clarify the distinguishing terms associated with the very concept of â€Å"client (Bateman, 2000).The most common expression use to denote the latter is customer. However, people who define advocacy thinks that it would become very discriminating on the part of the client to say that he is a customer which also means that he is a â€Å"service-user. † Yet that is the very thing that is happening. Nevertheless, these pe ople would like to change such connotation by saying that client are not mere service-user but a partner of the advocate himself. By that, it is ore appropriate to call them as â€Å"partners† and not service-users (Henderson & Pochin, 2001).The Need for the Code of Ethics in Advocacy As mentioned earlier, the main theme of advocacy lies on the idea that the advocate is doing his effort for the sake of another person. Hence it must be clear that the advocate is not acting for his own interests but for the betterment of the welfare of his client. This must be observed for the reason that advocacy would lose its essence if the object of advocacy is defeated by the idea that the advocate is only doing it for his own sake.Moreover, advocacy is intended to create a very profound relationship among the advocates and the clients themselves. In the first place, there is a need to establish an open communication on the part of the client and the advocate in order to fully address the former’s grievances or demands (Henderson & Pochin, 2001). And in doing so, the advocate is required to have a moral sense so as to become aware of the feelings and other concerns of his client.For example in a case of a rape-victim, the advocate should be careful enough not to make actions that are offending to his client. Though he is the latter’s advocate, it does not allow him to trespass his client’s personal concerns such as privacy. More often then not, the advocate and the client made an agreement in which the limitations of one another are set. Such agreement is made to make sure that the advocate would not go beyond limitations. In addition, John Weafer viewed advocacy as that which empowers those people who are not motivated or capable to speak for themselves.Empowerment means that the advocate is supporting the welfare of his client to the point that he is fighting for what is the most advantageous thing for his client. The advocate stands for the ne ed of the client. Hence it is needed that the advocate has the same view and principle regarding the case of his client in order to avoid future moral dilemmas that may impair the realization of a particular advocacy (Weafer, 2003). Also, Weafer argued that in advocacy, the advocate is making negotiations with the other side (other party) in behalf of a person who is socially marginalized.The promotion of the welfare rights of those people who are left out (also known as the marginalized sector of the society) is the underlying principle behind the concept of advocacy (Weafer, 2003). It is to be noted that there are people who do not have access to certain information that has concern with their welfare. The task of an advocate is to make this information accessible and open to their clients so as to get their full reactions and demands. Thus, the code ethics that the advocate must follow includes that above all things, the advocate must maintain the same position as what his client has.Secondly, the advocate must never use the need of the client as means for his own success or for his own interests but always treat such as the end (as how Kantian puts it). Next, the advocate must always seek the permission of his client for all the relevant things that concern his client before he uses it as one of his means to pursue the advocacy. Lastly, the advocate has a duty towards his client to inform him about the development and progress of the advocacy. Irish Report: Voluntary Hospice Movement in IrelandThe advocacy to increase the number of hospices in Ireland as well as to improve the facilities in established hospices has been the most current movement in Ireland. According to the report, the advocates of the hospice movement demand to increase the services rendered by the hospices as well as to advance the in-patient facilities (Hospice/Palliative Care in Ireland). Such is being raised by the advocates to ensure that ill-people would receive greater and better a mount of treatment.By such advocacy, the Irish government has started to give full attentions on the establishment of hospices all over the country as well as on the development of hospice services. Although the state has promised to allocate funds for the advocacy on hospices, the government is asking for a partnership with the volunteer bodies and organizations so as to maintain the monitoring and advancement of hospices. The advocacy has become an extensive campaign that necessitated the consideration of founding hospices in whole Ireland. ConclusionTo sum up, advocacy pertains to the act of supporting or doing something in behalf of others. The main core of the concept of advocacy revolves on the idea that it is done for the benefit of other not for own sake. Acting for the sake of other people requires the advocate to become morally aware of his actions and purposes in order to protect the interests and the original need of his client. The code of ethics mentioned in this paper will give moral standard on how an advocate shall act in the pursuit his objective – a particular advocacy.

The Long Walk of the Navajo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Long Walk of the Navajo - Essay Example This was done by the government in reaction to the retaliation of the Navajos to the western people. They did not want to leave their ancestral places and thus did not allow any foreigner to have a share in the territory. This made the government to remove the Indians from their ancestral land to ensure that other people could live in that territory. However before reaching such a decision different treaties were also made by the government with Navajos to ensure peace in the area but such treaties did not last long when both the military and Navajos started having conflicts. The government ordered the Navajos to leave their homeland and agricultural properties and move over to the fort Sumner. In August 1863 the first group of Navajos left for Fort Sumner which was 400 miles away from their homeland. While they had to walk barefoot to the fort they had to face many difficulties in their way such as the harsh weather. It took them a total of 21 days to reach the Fort Sumner and while reaching the fort many of the Navajos died because of starvation. However after reaching the Fort also the Indians were not provided with any proper water or food treatment. The farmers were also not given favorable conditions in which they could grow crops for their livelihood.

The Inuit Tribe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Inuit Tribe - Essay Example The Inuit population, is just like many other societies in America, significantly decreased. The explanation for their decrease was due to the arrival of the Europeans who occupied their territories in the 19th century. The Europeans were criticized for introducing new diseases(Marsh, 1976). In addition, these colonialists also terminated local land claims. At the long run, they either relocated or integrated groups, and even removed them from their native homes. Since the Inuit gained access to other societies their lives have transformed impressively. To label out some of the transformation, they include the introduction of Snowmobiles which have replaced the traditional dogsled that was used for transportation. On the other hand, homemade rifles have replaced the harpoon which is used for hunting. It is believed that Inuit inhabited the earth more than two thousands years ago, during the time of the last ice age, and the mile-thick glaciers which covered a vast portion of North Am erica, and the Asian continent. At that time, however, the Arctic areas of Alaska, Beringia, and Siberia were at liberty of ice(Marsh, 1976). It was during this period also that herds of caribou, muskoxen, and bison voyaged to these plans. Following the caribou and the muskoxen were the nomadic Asian ancestors of present-day Inuit and Indians. Nonetheless, the doorway that led to Asia closed about three to four thousand years later. This was after all the glaciers receded and melted.

Project Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Resource Management - Research Paper Example The work will be carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the software installation will be carried out which will take 15 days. I have come to the conclusion of 15 days on the basis of the highest hours of work put in by one of the IT workers viz. the project analyst (150 hours). Assuming the IT workers put in 10 hours of work each day and work within under the supervision of the project analyst, the entire installation process must not take more than 15 days without weekend breaks. The budget for this phase is $486,005. In the second phase, 12 hospital employees will receive training. The training time for each employee is 2 days, totaling 24 days (12 x 2) in all. Assuming the employees work on a 5-days week schedule, the entire training will take 24 plus 6 days, totaling 30 days. The extra 6 days consist of 2 days leave for each week, that is, Saturday and Sunday, which occur three times during the 24 days training schedule. There is no additional cost for this phase as training is provided to two in-house employees by the vendor. These two employees have been entrusted with the responsibility of training the other 12 employees. (Asta Teamplan) The constraints and risks associated with computerization of the system normally arise due to systems breakdown which may be the result of a virus att

How does Webers concept of status group challenge Marxs views on Essay

How does Webers concept of status group challenge Marxs views on polarization of classes in societies - Essay Example For Marx, society is not merely a collection of separate, competing individuals, although that is the appearance that capitalist society presents. Throughout history societies have divided into competing classes, defined structurally and economically in terms of their relationship to the means of production. "In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." (Bottomore, 1983, p. 75). Thus, he viewed the bourgeoisie as the owners, and the proletariat as the non-owners, of the means of production. Marx believed that capitalist society was increasingly becoming polarized into "two great opposed camps" of bourgeois and proletarians, which is destined to lead to conflict among these classes. Through its own instruments of development, it is bound to give rise ultimately to its own dissolution--to a revolution that will result in the overthrow of capitalism and to the creation of a socialist order. The conquest of political power by the working class will lead, firstly, to the creation of a socialist state--a state in which the working class is the ruling class and which functions in the interests of the working class. Thus, the "dictatorship of the proletariat" will replace the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie". By the term "dictatorial", Marx does not indicate that such states have a dictatorial political form, but rather that they rule in the interests of a particular class. However, the "dictatorship of the proletariat" is only the "first phase" of post- capitalist era. Its ultimate aim is to abolish the private ownership of the means of production, and hence the social and economic basis of class divisions. In addition, Marx believed that the rise of...(Giddens, 1971, p. 37). Weber notes that there is class conscious organization where (a) there are no groups between the real adversaries, (b) large numbers of persons are in the same class situation, (c) it is technically easy to organize those in the common class situation, and (d) where the goals of the class are well understood, and this understanding is led by those outside the class (intelligentsia). (Giddens and Held, p. 72)

Name on or more interactive features that JavaScript can provide and Essay

Name on or more interactive features that JavaScript can provide and HTML 5 cannot - Essay Example The user notification function allows a browser to view notifications to the user for specific events and passive notifications such as tweets, Facebook notifications, new emails, and calendar events irrespective of the tab in focus (Severance 2012 p.8). The set message option takes in desired message for translation to the user, preferred color of the notification and time length of the notification display. A dialog is a window of an application that is fashioned to cause an interruption in the current application processing to prompt the user to enter some information or a required user response. An alert dialog in this context is useful in conveying a message to alert user. Its role ends up in the same node that contains both the rest of the dialogue and the message alert. They are designed in a way to ensure mouse and keyboard interactions operate only within the alert dialog (Severance 2012 p. 7). It is an important feature especially in login and surveys, which html5 alone does not provide. It is a live region that allows the addition of new information in a meaningful order with subsequent loss of old information. These include messaging history, chat logs, game logs, and error logs. In this functionality, a relationship exists between acquisition of new information and reading order in the log (Severance 2012 p. 8). HTML5 does not provide that function while JavaScript makes it readily