The two main themes explored in In the Attic and Stop the clocks are :: English Literature

The twain main themes explored in In the Attic and forfeit the clocks are love and lossThe two main themes explored in In the Attic and Stop the clocksare love and loss. Both poets express their insight into the distinguishledgethat the world exit not stop regardless of the loss of mankind. This,however, is where the similarity ends. Both writers are expressingtheir own personal way of dealing with losing someone close to them.On Audens side, there is bitterness in his loss, and an almost gothicromanticism of Brontes writing despite its modern edge. With Motionshowever, there is more of stoicism in the writing. He writes so thatwe bonk there has been a great loss on his part, but this poem is notof the melodramatic substance, which Audens is. Motions poem is aquiet resignation to the fact that a loved one has been lost. It hasin its core, a nostalgic romanticism and sense of regret. It has inits essence a nostalgic romanticism and regret wish wellned to that ofThomas Hardys po etry. It is these two differences in writing stylethat I intend to explore.Stop the Clocks is a poem that describes a persons loss and thedeepness in which they suffer from their absence. Everything thathappens around them feels as though it is ending, the clocks, and thetelephones should all be stopped as in the same way that a life hasstopped. Also as he says Silence the pianos and with muffled drum,Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come it is as if they want theworld to know what has happened to the poet, and that allbody shouldfeel some pain like the pain Auden feels right now. The same isrepresented in the lines Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead,Scribbling on the sky the message He is Dead, its the desire thateverybody should know that Auden is in mourning and that nothing isgoing to change how he feels, should someone attempt to help him thenhe will simply send every message the same, I Mourn. The fourth verseis amplifying what a person meant to Auden. He was my Nor th, mySouth, my East and West this shows how much of an impact a person hashad on Auden, so much of an impact that they became everything tothem. The poet makes it sound as though now that person is dead, thereis no more north, south, east or west to them and that there could neer be again. My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song this is as

The Participial Adjective Part of English :: Free Essay Writer

The Participial Adjective Part of EnglishIve always found the I-N-G words in English grammar rather annoying and bothersome. Of movement Gerunds are I-N-G words that look like verbs but act like nouns in sentences. For example the sentences Skating is fun, My favorite sport is skate, I like skating and There are many moves in ice skating show the Gerund skating as a subject, as a predicate nominative avocation a linking verb, as a direct object following an action verb and as an object of the preposition in. Gerunds only occasionally give me a hard epoch as in the cases of me not wanting to own a lightning rod out of fear of being electro calamityed or me wondering in which direction a newspaper heading is actually heading.The I-N-G ending (or Present Participle) words that behave like verbs occasionally give me a hassle. I sometimes speculate that mowing lawns could cut me up pretty good and that pamper grooming advertised on a sign attains me think, I dont want any pet groomin g me I mean painting houses could change your skin color in-a-hurry and hearing aids sounds plenty more dangerous than H-I-V. Revolving charge accounts can make you dizzy if you watch one long enough, and I often wonder if fencing companies sometimes abandon using sabers and instead fight with swords? If an idea is smooth around in my head, would I then be a candidate for contracting water on the brain? Incidentally I believe that feeding crow is for the birds, particularly the buzzards, but I prefer telling the truth while standing up rather than lying on the ground. And how could a soulfulness ever be caught throwing a tantrum unless the spectator knows exactly what a tantrum looks like and how much it weighs. And once at a circus sideshow I was gullible and paid a dollar to see the man-eating crabs only to walk into a back room and see a man sit down at a table eating crabs.Sure stupid jokes can be made by inter-playing ing verbs but its when the Present Participle is apply as a Participial Adjective that my patience and tolerance are absolutely tested to their limits. I mean how would you like to go into a boastful contingent of stores and have to compete with a shopping mall. And why dont hunting lodges walk around in the middle of the forest with wet shotguns?

Human Rights :: Human Rights Essays

Human remedys are universal, indivisible and interdependent. Human rights are what make us human. When we speak of the right to life, or development, or to dissent and diversity, we are verbalise of tolerance. Tolerance will ensure all freedoms. Without it, we can be certain of n hotshot.The raging ethnic purging in Kosovo is an example of intolerance. The Serbians will not tolerate the Albanians at any cost. They are forcing them from their homes, turning the streets into killing fields. This civil war seems unstoppable because of the intolerance of one race against another. No see for individual rights, basic human rights.Another example is right in our own back yard. I am speaking of hate crimes which plague our society. They are no different today than centuries ago when slavery was allowed. One race against another. One religion against another, it is all the same. Hate is the opposite of tolerance. We can only live together through an expression of tolerance of the differ ences each of us brings into this world. We should embrace the differences and share the differences. For this is how we learn, through each others differences. Tolerance in all cultures is the basis of peace and progress. Our country was founded on the basic idea that all man and women are created equal with liberty and justice for all. We must respect and preserve the rights of all, for when the rights of one is threatened the rights of all are diminished. I would like to leave you with this story to ponder. In Germany they came for the Communists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didnt speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me and by that sentence no one was left to speak up. Remember tolerance and mercy have always and in all cultures been ideals of government rule and human behavior. Today, we describe these ideals human rights. Hu man rights are to be respected and preserved if we are progress as a society and as a people.Affirmative organize government would be non-existent if human rights were not preserved and protected.This Nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds. It was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of all man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.

A Structuralist Reading of Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay example

A Structuralist Reading of Austens Sense and sensibility   The fundamental structural dynamic underlying the whole manifested universe, much less literature, is duality therefore, Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility is easily analyzed from the structuralist perspective. Each of us is a complex mixture of polar opposites, the most primary of which being the division between right mindset and left brain, or, more commonly, heart and mind. Austens technique in this novel is that of eliminating altogether the corpus callosum, thus juxtaposing the two halves into a binary opposition, a split between the heart that throbs and exults and the mind which ascertains and evaluates. Marianne is, of course, the heart of the novel, Elinor the mind. Moreover, the remaining characters, too, fall within one of these two categories. I progress to arranged the most important figures of the novel in this way           SENSE      &n bsp                   SENSIBILITY          Elinor                         Marianne          Edward                         Mrs. Dashwood          Lucy                   &nbs... ...novel can stand alone from its constituent elements, to be used and reused again and again by simply replacing distinguishable characters, different circumstances. Hesses Narcissus and Goldmund is a perfect example. In this novel, the exact same dualism of heart and mind is explored (and far more interestingly, in my opinion) in the experiences of the two title cha racters. In closing, it must be stated that there are certainly other structural dichotomies within the novel, contrasts of high and low which bisect the lateral distinctions upon which I have focused. These involve the shifts in social stations experienced by various characters such as Elinor, Marianne, Lucy, and Edward. These are, however, secondary to the primary theme, the seemingly impassable, yawning chasm which separates those with sense from those feature by mere trivial sensibility    

Problems In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Problems In Todays SocietyThere are many problems right now in the society. few of theseproblems passel be easily solved, or can be impossible to solve depending how badit is. Many people think these problems should be solved by the governments,since they are in charge. But we can besides solve these problems if we soak uptogether. Not all the problems, but some that can be solved. I think the threemajor problems in the society at once are unemployment, violence, and pollution.The first problem in the society right now is unemployment. Many peopletoday are either unemployed or underemployed. Some of these people just stayhome and collect their welfare cheque every month, when they should go out andat least try to get a job. If there are more people like this, the countrywould be poor and therefore the government would have to collect more taxes.Also the specimen of living would decrease be establish of their income that is waybelow the average income. Right now, there is also a big gap between the lowincome people and the gamy income people and this is becoming a problem. Lowincome people are starting to get lower wages and higher income people arestarting to get higher wages.Another problem in the society is violence. Today, there are manyviolence in the streets, some schools, and also in the media. These violence inthe streets can cause the neighbourhood to become a bad place to live. Thiswill cause people not to go there or fit in there because of these violence.There are also many violence and gangs in some school, causing some of theschool to be very vulnerable to go. With these violence and gangs, students willprobably be afraid of these people. In addition, the media can contain violencetoo. These violence, can cause kids to do what ever is on TV. For example, my bantam brother likes to watch wrestling and he sometimes does wrestling moves onme for no reason and thinking its fun. Even though it doesnt hurt me becauseIm bigger than him, he might hurt someone smaller in school or something.The third problem in the society today is pollution. Many things thesedays cause pollution such as cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories,chlorofluorocarbon cans, etc.. All these things together can cause a pollution problem in thesociety today. The CFC cans used to be a serious problem to the o district layer,but luckily it was taken off the market. Refrigerators and air conditioners arealso a problem to the zone because of the liquid called freon.

Problems In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Problems In Todays SocietyThere are many conundrums right now in the society. Some of theseproblems can be easily solved, or can be impossible to solve depending how badit is. Many muckle think these problems should be solved by the governments,since they are in charge. But we can also solve these problems if we gettogether. Not all the problems, but somewhat that can be solved. I think the threemajor problems in the society today are unemployment, fierceness, and pollution.The first problem in the society right now is unemployment. Many peopletoday are either unemployed or underemployed. Some of these people just stayhome and collect their welfare cheque every month, when they should go out andat least try to get a job. If there are more people like this, the countrywould be poor and consequently the government would have to collect more taxes.Also the standard of living would decrease be exertion of their income that is waybelow the average income. Right now, there is also a big gap between the lowincome people and the high income people and this is becoming a problem. Lowincome people are starting to get write down wages and higher income people arestarting to get higher wages.Another problem in the society is hysteria. Today, there are manyviolence in the streets, some schools, and also in the media. These violence inthe streets can perform the neighbourhood to become a bad place to live. Thiswill cause people not to go there or move in there because of these violence.There are also many violence and gangs in some school, causing some of theschool to be very unsafe to go. With these violence and gangs, students willprobably be afraid of these people. In addition, the media can contain violencetoo. These violence, can cause kids to do what ever is on TV. For example, mylittle brother likes to watch wrestling and he sometimes does wrestling moves onme for no background and thinking its fun. Even though it doesnt hurt me becauseIm bigger than him, he might hurt someone smaller in school or something.The third problem in the society today is pollution. Many things thesedays cause pollution such as cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, factories,CFC cans, etc.. All these things together can cause a pollution problem in thesociety today. The CFC cans used to be a serious problem to the ozone layer,but luckily it was taken transfer the market. Refrigerators and air conditioners arealso a problem to the zone because of the liquid called freon.

Pepsi Sales Bubble with Limited Edition Soft Drinks

Week 5 Case Assignment MRKT 5000 PepsiCo Pepsi Sales Bubble with Limited-Edition Soft Drinks Case abridgment Pepsi and their partner, Suntory, are using limited-edition wooly potables to boost market share in the $30 billion Japanese beverage market and keep sales fulgid despite a cola war with Coca-Cola and fierce competition for space on store shelves. No in the buff product is a sure thing, nevertheless the Japanese market is particularly challenging.Of the 1,500 beverages launched there every year, only the tiniest percentage survives the introductory period because the Japanese convenient stores are small and they support live for only the products that will sell off the shelves quickly. Another reason is because the Japanese consumers crave novelty limited-editions products that are for specific seasons, regions, or reasons. Given, the competitive environment, the pressure from retailers to make new products perform, the speed with which consumer tastes change, and the cost of launching a new light drink, Pepsi and Suntory are being careful not to overuse their limited-edition strategy.Key Marketing Issues Line extension phone Development of a product that is novelty, but closely related to their existing product line to meet different guest needs, to reach different stub markets. Aesthetic modification Changes to the sensory appeal of a product. Pepsi changed with berry-flavored Pepsi Blue and Ice Cucumber. Product differentiation Creating and designing products so that customers perceive them as different from competing products.Pepsi separate itself by being offering the Ice Cucumber only during the summer and by limiting the Pepsi Blue. Personal Case Analysis Case Questions 1. Pepsi and Suntory cap their limited-edition soft drink introductions at four per year. What effect is this cap likely to have on the new product development process? By Pepsi and Suntory offering their limited-edition drink introductions at a cap of four per year it will have their consumers excited anticipating the next introduction, versus offering them more a year and their consumers acquire bored quickly.What we have to remember is that the Japanese market does not respond the same way as the U. S does. The Japanese market, wants novelty and limited-edition and thats what Pepsi and Suntory is loss to give them. When Pepsi and Suntory set out to tap this widespread interest in variety by marketing limited-edition soft drinks, they started with berry-flavored Pepsi Blue. In the United States the Pepsi Blue remained on the market for two years. In Japan, the entire production sold out the same product within a few weeks.Its a commodious marketing plan to allow their limited-edition soft drinks stand out and not overuse their limited-edition strategy. 2. How important is product quality when a limited edition soft drink like Ice Cucumber sells out in a matter of weeks? Product quality is important, but not as important as ensuring that t he product meet the needs of the consumers. Consumer needs are most important. Consumers spread the news by use of technology and word of mouth, which is significant for any thriving marketing strategy.Another thing thats important is the scarcity and seasonality, as mentioned in the textbook these two added to the appeal of high demand. 3. What criteria would you suggest that Pepsi and Suntory use when screening ideas for new limited-edition soft drinks? The most important criteria I suggest that Pepsi and Suntory use when screening new ideas for new limited-edition soft drinks is making sure they match product offerings to customers needs, make sure they have effective and consistent branding, good timing is necessary, effective promotions, and sufficient distribution.I would use the previous technique they used forward by taste testing many possibilities, then choosing a flavor, creating samples and waiting for responses by focus groups. This will give consumers something to lo ok forward to every season. Recommendations workings Cited Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. , Marketing, 16th ed. Copyright 2012, Cengage Learning

Rationale for Ptlls

Rationale My topic pass on be based around Employability Skills Why is a CV so important, what should it accommodate and how to put your CV together. I am latestly not in a teacher/tutor role right now but I work in recruitment and I find and place suitable candidates within the training and WBL bena. As this is what I currently do for my job I am comfortable delivering this subject to a group of learners. My aim is for my learners To Understand the Importance of Putting Together a Good CV and How to Do it.My learners go forth make up of 3 of my fellow colleagues from my PTLLS course and depart be delivered on the 26th November in a classroom at college. Prior to the sitting I entrust prepare a PowerPoint presentation which will include aims and accusings of the session, the CV examples, the group t pick up and the final outcome. I will back up this presentation on a USB stick. I have chosen this resource to enable the learners to engage immediately and digest the subject mat ter whilst I am introducing myself, the aims and objectives.By having a visual resource at the letning of the session the learners can start to digest the instruction whilst I am delivering it aurally. This will appeal to the devil preferred learning styles and gain interest and engagement from the start. The PowerPoint will keep me and my delivery on track and not veering off the subject. The aim and objective will also be written on my white board or flip chart which will remain up during the whole session. This is to instigate the learners of the subject and they can refer to it during the group work task.I will arrange the room so the group can sit together and can nail the presentation and can see the whiteboard. I will ask the group to leave their bags and coats at the back of the room to avoid any trip hazards or distractions. As the group already know each other I will not need to lead an ice breaker. I do not yet know whether they have any special requirements. In pre paring for my micro teach I draw on information and research around my current employment.I will research the criteria that are needed for a CV, what the prospective employers want to see a CV and the most effective format to expenditure. I will prepare in advance a handout of a good and bad example of a CV. I will also prepare a list of key descriptive words to use in a CV in case we finish too quickly. I will begin my session by introducing myself, my aims and objectives. I will ask if anyone has any prior experience in putting together a CV and if so how yen ago it was. The objectives of the session 1. To listen to the introduction and information about the session. . Understand the importance of a good CV 3. Discuss the good and bad aspects of a sample CV 4. Identify skills and abilities when writing a CV 5. Answer questions and recap. I will introduce the subject by asking questions about their previous experience of writing a CV, was it short, long, bulleted or paragraphed? I will ask them why a CV is so important and how they can create a good first impression. By asking these open questions I will be drawing on the learners previous experience and acquiring them involved.I can introduce English functional skills here as they will need to ensure its written and presented properly with no grammar or spell out mistakes. I will explain that the next task is a group work session where they will be given a copy of a poorly written CV as a handout. They will need to identify the good parts of the CV that are relevant and the parts that are not needed. After this period I will ask them to present their findings which I will write up on the flip chart. I will display on my presentation the layout of the preferred style of CV and ask the group if they have any questions.This will enable them to clarify any information or offer any ideas they may have. I will then handout a formatted copy of the original CV and how it should look. I will ask the learners to d iscuss what is different with this version relay back to me. This will appeal to the different preferred styles of learning, written, aural and reading. I will use everyones give away when asking or answering a question, I will make eye contact equally and if someone is not involved I will ask them direct or hypothetical questions.I will use the 7 W processes in asking my questions. If I overrun I will use the last previous CV version as a handout for the learners to take with them, if I run out of time I will introduce my Use of Descriptive CV Words doc. I will summarise the session by relating to the aims and objectives on the flip chart and by referring to the handouts for future quality when putting together a CV. I will thank them for their time and tell them the session is over.

Nutritious Eating Habits

1/ I think one of the social criticisms of merchandises impacts on individual consumers is the price. Because of the expensive costs of developing much(prenominal) as long lead times, the need to enlist the help of nutritional experts virtually the world, and the need to develop products that appeal to the local populations tastes (598) Vitango and Nutristar have amply price that is out of reach of people in those poor behind countries such(prenominal) as Botswana and Venezuela. Moreover, change products ar also criticized for containing large amount of harmful substance such as fat and sugar that could lead to obesity.For example, high consumption of Nutristar when combined with McDonald nates cause health issues to its customers as those products contain a large amount of fat, sugar, salt and cholesterol.2/ In my opinion, political source is a social criticism of marketings impacts on society. Big companies desire to promote and protect their interests. As a result, they dont want to lose profit if they offer the product at a reasonable price, so Coca smoke and P&G want to work with the governments for well-disposed tax and tariffs.However, either those companies are distrusted or those governments either cannot afford or dont have sufficient resources to condition their people about fortified food, makes those companies seek for help from non-profit organizations such as GAIN to help lobby for lower tax rates and promote their products by giving those governments money to acquire more demands. Although fortified food is promoted to compensate with deficient nutrient, they cannot completely stop malnutrition as a result, they create false wants for people in those countries.Through non-profit organization, openhanded companies amend target population about fortifies food and other beverage drinks, but not educating people about nutritious eating habits which is the real necessitate for those countries. Nutristar sold with McDonalds happy mea ls does not help fight nutrition deficient, but it creates worse eating habit with fast food, which can lead to obesity or other health problem.3/ Products such as Vitango and Nutristar are not considered enlightened marketing.First, those products ignore societal marketing, they see societal problems such as starvation or political corruption in poor countries as opportunities to promote and sell their products. Instead of educating people in those countries about nutritious food, those companies deliver to promote their products benefits. Vitango and Nutristar are pleasing products which deals temporarily with nutrition deficiency but in the long run, it can stop malnutrition. When customers depend on supplement products, their interests such as health are affected.In addition, many big companies place its mission in products and profits over broad social terms. In Vitango and Nutristar face such fortified products is to create an image of the company in order to earn the market and increase profits by selling other products such as snack or juices in the future. 4/ In my opinion, the development and marketing of fortified products are unethical. As discussed above, the development and launching of fortified products are just a small part of a bigger marketing plan.First, those companies try to allure people in poor countries by helping them deal with nutrition deficiency with fortified products, but that is just the base to selling other products. Besides, through non-profit organizations, they educate those people about their products values rather than educate them about the need of nutritious eating habits. Secondly, through funding and lobbying with the local governments, those companies can have influence over the market and the governments that could lead to many secure problems in politic.4/ In my opinion, in order to succeed with product such as Vitango, Coca Cola must consider many factors beside the price. First, in poor countries where malnutr ition is a major concern, it must place societal missions ahead by helping non-profit organizations educate people about the needs of nutritious eating. Besides, they should educate people about fortified food as a supplement, not a substitute against nutrition deficiency. Last but not least, Coca Cola has to find a solution for the price problem they have to adjust the price, so Vitango is purchasable in poor countries.When the product is accepted and well-know, the company can earn a lot of profits without conducting unethical actions. Another thought about the case, although Vitango and Nutristar are criticized because of many ethical issues, I think that is a trade-off. To forgather stockholders expectations, those companies always have to find a way to maximize profits, and that profits have to be traded with some critics. From the corporate viewpoint, those critics may not cost the company a lot, so there is no reason they would not conduct such negligent actions.

Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD 1. Samenvatting Boek Before the Industrial base M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek Arm en Rijk D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges Migratie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek Before the Industrial Revolution M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1 Demand (pages 3 t/m 52) Spain census of world, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and non precise. Small societies. not really long growth of population in 18th ampere-second. Low fertility or high death rate is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic mortality occurs in calamitous years, it far exceeded current fertility. everlastingly drastic fluctuations of population. Needs dep demolition on population size, geographical factors, and structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors. Cultural factors counte r/duty to do certain lose weightgs. As long as a person is free to necessitate what he wants, what counts on the market are not needs, but wants. Wants are twain expressed by individuals and society but only have limited resources, we have to make choices.Wants become legal demand when they are backed by purchasing power. (expressed by purchasing power). Purchasing power is based on income/statistical dispersal of income ( exoteric/ cloistered) & level and structure of prices. Income and distribution Incomes can be divided in wages/profits/interests and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a striking contrast surrounded by the abject misery of the mass and the profusion and magnificence of a limited number of truly rich large number. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of the riches assessed. Other measurement of wealth bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory tycoon made accurate calculations of national income, putting to good use all the material he had available in addition to his personalized observations. Poverty and short distribution of wealth and income. population with no income at all beggars. In France at the end of the 17th century, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. Most masses lived at subsistence level, no savings or social security to help them in distress, only hope was charity. In different European cities, there were different percentages of beggars. Many fluctuations in unemployment figures. In years of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) high numbers of poverty.Income can be earned or transferred. Transfers voluntary transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). Many people left things in arrears for charity when they died. Also disasters and feasts served to accentuate charity. When people died from a disaster, their belongings went to the church/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could affect productive activity. Compulsory transfers taxation on the one hand, plunder and theft on the separate hand. Theft on low-class people because of famine, inequality of income. Noble people as well earlier centuries of nerve center ages.Ransom (losgeld), large transfers of wealth. In early periods, great importance of alternatives to trade. After 10th century, trade expanded and concentrated in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand Demand for return goods, demand for services, demand for heavy(p) goods. 1. Demand for con messageption goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for capital goods Demand can similarly be divided into 1. Private indispensable demand 2. globe internal demand 3. Foreign demand Private demand the lower the income, the high the percentage spend on food (logic). The poorer the country, the higher the percentage spend on food of total expenditures.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such(prenominal) as bread (stijfselachtig voedsel). Rich people, less(prenominal) quantity o f total income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too much. Purchase of clothing was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of deads were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the right smart of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/ heat energy and other(a) items provided tot ser vanguardts by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. self-explanatory when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an sum of money saved of their in come. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in Eng set ashore at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income.Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though Eng enter was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into coronation. Hoarding preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). Beginning 11th centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious make. 11th & 12th century financed through dis-hoarding. Investment euphoria. Public demand Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of na tional income. Before the 18th century existence and private demand were different to distinguish. Distinction presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & stinting entity. Level and structure of national demand a. income public power (derive from taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. wants of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes income is function of their wants. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Through break through the Middle Ages and Renaissance the public powers managed to broaden the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the Crown rose. But also rising prices, growing population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints From 12th century sometimes administration was done by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public silver were embassies (representation). But military expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. Also medical and educational services rose. Ethical & social valuepaying with public coin so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human capital. Guns & warships unseductive form of capital, capital goods middle 15th century public expenditure. Demand of the church Church is important economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they donate to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. sixteenth and 17th centurygrowing size of land take inings.Every now and then , however, church fell upon hard times in which bad administration affected property reformation was worst period in advancehand 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was left of English monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand Net bailiwick of ex potpourris with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & metals). Import/Export = contrasted trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. shutdown 16th century, clothes 80% English export. High transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. Industrial revolution made it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be measured by total GDP. (GNP). England best country with statistics on foreign trade. Henry VII (15th centrury) three hundred. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers ruined. Trade consequences depend on qualitative structures of certain trade. CHAPTER 2 The factors of production (pages 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called factors of production. Labor (ARBEID) divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but NOT producers). Nowadays productivity is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial work till dead, start younger than 15.Child labor fields summer. Bad treatment + female labor (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse sells food (mothers milk) & cares for sister (service). Of economical and social importance. Sectors of activity Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary Agricultural low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, exhaust and eat it, very vulnerable Working Capital consists of stocks and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays ratio working capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, doom preppers however still exist-)). Working capital is continually turned over. Continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. non so much because of poor potence of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR) non reproducible capital. Not infinite Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, and so onMedieval people were conscious about pollution more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of bare and planting trees. Later the rules became less important to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian culture because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of piss and wind for land-based activities ( utilise on the spot), so manufacturers were located were mills could be build. Organization labor, capital and natural resources must be combined in schemeal forms which deviate according to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrat ed on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchants with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. Modern capitalism manufacturing or profession sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3 Productivity and Production (pages 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges from their combination of use. Determinants better education, economies of scale, technological culture, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human vitality of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels technological progress. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath) between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. mutant because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers low labor productivity meant that produ ction processes were labor-intensive. Building industry little progression on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440 printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production greatest part of production in preindustrial Europe food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production the deliberate destruction of men and w health & pollution and the destruction of the environment. Destruction of men and wealth for semipolitical or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War - Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial scarcity of capital. Plague destroyed me n, not capital. Livestock killed, acres burned, vineyards destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. damage to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for negative production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increased use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4 The Urban Revolution The Communes (pages 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. economical decline. North improved position, contact with south. Muslim invasion. Depressed and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and 13th centuries represented a advanced growth, which changed the course of history. Differences between parts of countries and countries. Massive migratory movement.Towns grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration push & pull factors. Town was a place for innovation, economic and social advancement. Nobles took dwelling in the city (Italy). Cities became seats and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were very different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers Italian cities attack and conquer the surrounding territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities developed slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. Horizontal arrangements, co-operation among equals university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the advanced outlook and which reflected new ideas. QUESTION How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian historian) beside a feudal fortress of rising again from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of new society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5 Population Trends & Plagues (pages 123 t/m 136)Beginning new millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. Also wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. 16th century substantial growth. Beginning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children born still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION Which types of mortali ty can be distinguished? Normal and catastrophic mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While catastrophic mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very vulnerable to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines contributed at one time to increase in mortality but also indirect by encouraging epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small Effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but af terward a catastrophe start all over again. Citites survived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics after 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. Disappearance of plague after 17th century. Reasons better building, burying corpses, disappearance of cruddy rat? onverdedigbaar BUT ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6 Technology (pages 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700 Romans -Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT we always think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century watermills, plough, crop rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing lottery animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and strengthen each other. Many horses u sed, better capital. Alos IRON for equipment. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also Windmillsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatically, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions spinning wheel and spectacles (BRIL). Beginning 14th century clocks, firearms and canal locks. Ship building ship skeleton first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast new horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. Spread rapidl y. Spinning wheel China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation small steps through numerous excusable experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical axis, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European publisher produced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century passion for mechanization of all productive processes. LABOR SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanical outlook from people. Spread of clock churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook reinforced more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible heartbreaking disturbances. Scarcity of labor caused by epidemics one fa ctor but were many more and complex factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology 12th 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and English. Through ages main channel for diffusion of innovation has been migration of people. = migration of human capital. Sometimes things kept a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries skilled labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for economy of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7 Enterprise, Credit & Mon ey (pages 160 t/m 182) Enterprise and credit Business techniques organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoarding etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in businessinstead of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia (coastal cities). Inland grew companies betterless risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). Involvement of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in company history. End 13th century entries publicly authenticated. Italians divalent entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda not possible with out MUTUAL TRUST & honesty in business. Development civil/ pitiful legislation. Monetary trends Start 11th century economy + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. Gold measured in carats, pure measure of gold and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. Silver, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to mechanize the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods instead of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) Extreme in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) Pmarketprice, M amount someone brought in, Ccharge minter, Sleft of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluat ion and revaluation, economy suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldnt belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwardly devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with multiples of 1 coint. Bimetallic system with silver AND gold started in Italy. Supply of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese 1457, cruzado). by and by silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver Guldiner in Germany. Spanish came back from America with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. bankers appeared money changes intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. Just a fraction of total amount in KAS. reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who collected de posits and created money. Bank money positive development. QUESTION Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a fraction of total deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8 Production, Income & Consumption (pages 183 t/m 208) The great expansion 1000-1300 Phase of expansion new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. racy land, NEW land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German eastward expansion was demographic, economic, political and rel igious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to Central Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. reconstruct new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Northern Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends 1300-1500 CHAPTER 9 The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek Arm & Rijk D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China * 3. Europas eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. train ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 12. Winnaars en verliezers de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijk e bedeeldheid natuurInvloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. Hierarchy betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldheid is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hierdoor inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterfte erg minder. Contrast echter nog steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (in heems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.Afrika sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede door bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij & hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China Europa betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hierdoor achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook door culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografisc he liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gezonder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SA manpowerLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELDEenhydraulische samenleving(ook bekend onder de termenwatermonopolie-rijkofhydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, d ie haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerdeirrigatieof gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale proviso en een hiertoe gespecialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. 3. Europas eigen weg In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de ondernemingszin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betr eft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalenAls er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze overlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht

European Decolonization

Decolonization in very simple terms refers to the collapse of colonialism and the subsequent establishment of authority in the countries being colonized (Duara, 2004). In Africa and separate Asia countries which bore the brunt of the modern colonialism the rule book independence better captures the attainment of self rule immediately later the First and Second World kingdom of war Generally, the word decolonization has come to be associated with the post-colonial period of the modern time and in particular immediately after World contend One and Two.It is not a coincident that it is so but it is because of a combination of pointors that triggered the two wars that ultimately made colonization untenable thereby triggering an accelerated process of decolonization (Duara, 2004). present are some of these reasonsThe fact that majority of local leaders from most of these countries that were being ruled by foreign powers had already received western preparation from these countri es that were colonizing them meant that there were an elite that was waiting in the wings to take over from these foreign leaders in the event that they succumbed to the popular call for their departure from the local population (Thomas, 2007. In fact most of these colonies already had a leadership that was demanding independence either through peaceful means or through rough means which at the time bordered on incitement of the masses.The kind of discontent that they created was at times too much for the colonizer who had already came expose of a war (either First or Second World War) that had exhausted the finances that they would have used to maintain their grip on these colonies. Most former(a)(a) colonizer immediately after the war were unable to control these colonies (Thomas, 2007), this is better demonstrated by the Dutch request for assistance from the United Kingdom to pass on in Indonesia a bridgehead which it desperately needed but it could not build solely due to it s financial situation after the World War One (Thomas, 2007).It is also due to financial constraint that were occasioned by high spending during the war that prompted countries like the United Kingdom to introduce a corroboratory rule policy which was comparably less expensive because of the way it used the local administrative units and heads instead of importing leaders from the United Kingdom. The economic models was fact changing making the maintenance of colonies less lucrative as compared to the period before the First World War (Koos, & Granata, 2008).Colonies were important and profitable before the WW1 because among other things they provided cheap labor & law materials, market for the manufactured products from the colonizing countries and sources of recruiting soldiers in times of wars, however all that had changed with the end of the war, there were no more war that looked imminent, and the free of states had been given new meaning by the protagonists in the war which also benefited the occupied states by default. Lastly and mostly the economic model had drastically changed after the war making colonies generally unprofitable (Koos, & Granata, 2008).Debate was also going on in the mother countries on the merit of keeping the colonies and it seemed like those opposed to maintaining these colonies were pleasant the argument. Among the reason that they were advancing against keeping colonies was the human rights abuses that they were being accused of perpetuating in those colonies, opportunity cost of maintaining them among other convincing arguments against further maintenance of colonies (Thomas, 2007). In a sense the decision to let go the colonies enjoyed broad support within the mother countries.There was also the issue of the severe death toll that had been occasioned by twain wars (WW1 & WW2). Each of the European country that was directly or indirectly involved in either of the wars had prevailed a lot in form of soldiers and finances tha t not a single one was ready to commit some more resources in form of soldiers or funds to a cause like colonialism (Thomas, 2007). This was because distributively of those countries needed each and every penny that was available in rebuilding their economies that had been battled by the wars.For instance, a country like Germany was devastated in the First World War such that it could not continue with colonization. It had even been restrained from any military expedition outside its border not to mention the financial burden that it was to suffer in rebuilding some countries that it was accused of destroying (Thomas, 2007). In a nutshell both of these wars led to a lot of poverty on the mother nations of the colonizers and a state of bankruptcy on these countries thereby developing a state of extreme nationalism in most of them.There were even cases where colonies declared their independence as their colonizers surd on their individual problems, others sensing the weakened coloni zers armies upped their military resistance against them and in the process forced these colonizer to allow the to govern themselves. References Duara, Prasenjit, (2004). Decolonization Perspectives from Now And Then. Rutledge spick-and-span York. Thomas, Martin, (2007). European Decolonization. London Ashgate. Koos, A. Cheryl, & Granata, A. Cora, (2008). The Human Tradition in Modern Europe, 1750- To the Present. New York Rowman & Littlefield.

Three really is a crowd

Would you like some pretzels with your wine. The airhostess give tongue to, I n constantly throw when I fly moreover in this case I motivation a drink to steady my nerves I film c every concluding(predicate)ed my old friend Lauren to verify if she k out regenerates where nonch is living this instant and I am in luck she had vertical seen prick.How was he? I driveed impatientlyHe was kind of distant, not his usual laid screen self. Why be you asking somewhat cut off you never inadequacy to talk closely him what has happened? Lauren sounded concerned.I couldnt keep secrets from Lauren she was my oldest friend and my rock when things go wrong. I had to tell her so for the adjoining half an hour I rain cats and dogsed my give awayt out I told her everything about capital of South Dakota and prick and the engagement recoil. Well he sounded re anyy upset now I love why, what ar you passage to do. She sounded genuinely reprehensible for me. I am just sledding to turn up at his flat and try to talk him round I love him Lauren, it has always been him I was happy with Pierre sure, solely he was always in the back of my mind. I am never matchless to pour out my spunk merely I couldnt service of process myself.Lauren offered me her spare bedroom to stay at her house, which is less than a mile away from nicks so it would be stainless.I wake up as I construe out the window and clear just see the sky through with(predicate) with(predicate) all the buildings thither is a deep blue sky just like the day me and nick went on a weekend away the sky was like that all weekend I cant help but smile at all the good memories of me and nick.The time at the new forms the night nick and me presence got to developher I was all alone no one to kiss at midnight 4,3,2 I am going to look like such an idiot 1 nick suddenly appears from no where and kisses me a real kiss I had never been kissed the way he kissed me. There it is that all to familiar pinch when I intend of me and nick.Later that day I was in the local caf, all of a sudden Lauren made excuses for herself and left-hand(a) quickly as I watched her suffer out my eye wandered to the bar where nick was stickting I well spilled my coke I hadnt withal noticed him stick with in. What should I do I didnt deprivation to talk to him here and now I destinyed to be alone with him I couldnt just chicken out not after with child(p) up my relationship with Pierre and possibly my dream job. All of a sudden with out any notice nick turns his head he sees me I dont spang what to do I end up sitting their like an idiot pre tending not to notice him. To my surprise nick gets up and walks out.I nearly burst into part I knew that I agony nick but I didnt think he could not even bare to look at me anymore.When I get back to Laurens I tell her everything she has a great idea How about I ring nick and ask him if he wants some company tonight you turn up instead of me and explain how you love him. She was the best friend a girl could give birth I hold to the idea.In the hack on the way to nicks house I couldnt help but feel sick with nerves the way he had just blanked me as if he didnt even know me as if I meant nothing to him as if nothing had never happened between us I know I break him but he is the man I love, I would give up the wholly world for him.It takes me what 10 to15 minuets to smasher on the penetration suddenly my earphone rings I open my bag in such a hurry everything falls out onto the floor. I hear the latch on the accession turning I look up to see nick perfect(a) set ashore at me, I wonder is he going to slam the brink in my face but to my surprise he bends prevail over and starts picking all the contents of my handbag up as he passes it to me our eyes meet he holds my glance I cant breath thinking what I flummox through with(p) to this man how I lied to him how I hurt him so very much. We better go inside. He final ly records he hands my bag to me and opens the ingress permitting me in. why is he being so sedate about all this, what happened today in the caf? His flat is so nice his shinny leather sofa and his modern art that is so cool and laid back like himself, they order peoples house tells you most things about them when nick came to my flat their were dark lies in all of Pierres stuff.Nick I am so sorry I came here to explain everything I sound desperate but I cant help it.You hurt me. I know I was just starting time to get my life on track after I left you and then(prenominal) you walk back into my life and my whole world turns upside down and with one look at you I fall completely head over heels in love with you. Nick differentiates nothing he just sees at the floor he cant even bare to look at me. I didnt want to tell you about Pierre I knew it would wreck all our chances together. So you just lied to me, as if I meant nothing to you. He sounds hurtYou know I dont think you are nothing I think you are everything. I would never intentionally hurt you. A tear rolls down my cheek I suddenly realise how much I affirm hurt nick.I should lend. I go to get up and leave to my surprise nick jumps up he reaches for my arm to stop meWhy are you going? He around sounds desperate like I did earlier. I dont know I dont see how I can reverse what I nominate done and it is like a knife through my heart seeing the pain in your eyes the pain I have caused and it is in your eyes now as I try helplessly to try and explain what I have done to you. I can hardly see nick through tears. Nick reaches up and wipes my tears away, why is he being so nice I dont under behave. I love you Sarah even if you lied and even if you left me to go to nice I will always love you. But can you liberate me?Nick lets go of me he sits down on his cool leather sofa he puts his head in his hands. Let me explain myself, you see I had left you behind it took me at least a family to get over y ou, then one day Pierre walked into my office he was the new hombre he was so gorgeous and charming. Do I really have to hear about you and Pierre. He says almost in disgust, am I digging myself a hole but I have to tell him everything. alone listen to me no more lies, I never fancy I would find love over again it wasnt the love we shared but my life had to go on me and Pierre were happy the night earlier I saw you he proposed if I had known I was going to see you again I would have called everything off right then and thither but I thought I was never going to see you again I thought you had moved on and made a new life of your own. I was trying my best to make nick see that I didnt purposely try to hurt him. I understood all that, I just cant understand why you lied cause I asked you if you had a sheik and you lied straight to my face, I actually remember seeing the ring on your finger and thinking nothing of it thinking that it was your right hand or something. He looked so tiered and fed up. Did you take the ring off? he asks, I cant lie to him not now even as much as Id like to I just cant. Yes but again I can explain you asked me if I had a boyfriend so I took the ring off hoping you hadnt already noticed, I know you want to know why because I love you and wanted to see I cant get out the course and when I do they sound all wrong. To see what? he is starting to get annoyedTo see if we ever had a chance together. I am nearly in tears again Dont cry please. He sounds concerned How can I not cry I am trying to undo the mess I have done, I have said I am sorry I cant say anymore I have exposit the way I feel, but I now am asking you what you think I cant help but ask I know it sounds egotistic but I am giving loads and getting nothing back this was it truth time when I had to know what my future with nick was going to be. I said earlier that I still love you. He seems kind of distance not to sure of what he is utter. But can you forgive me nick I n eed to know. I have to know I cant bare it nick is the type of guy not to let you know what he is thinking even if I know him as well as I do. I forgive you, but you have hurt me. I nearly burst into tears with happiness, we both catch each otherwises gaze and in those blue eyes my happiness is restored. Nick stands up he comes right up to me and wraps those warm and protective arms around me. Ring, ring nicks phone is ringing, I cant believe it who could it be, it is nearly half ten at night. Who could that be? I have to ask I dont know.Ring, ring Arent you going to answer it then. Nick walks over and picks up his phone to see who is calling to my surprise he switches his phone off without even say it. Who was it? Oh no-one, I have more important stuff here and now. Nick takes me by the hand and sits me down on the sofa, I am expecting him to sit next to me, to my horror he gets down on one knee and produces this jewellery box, he opens it and in there is the most perfect ring in the world. I know it isnt the coat of Pierres ring No, no it is perfect. I think you know the question I am going to ask but I am going to ask it anyway, Sarah will you marry me. I look down into those perfect blue eyes. I think you know the answer, yes. I shout it so loud, nick puts the ring on my finger, then jumps up and lifts me up spinning me around he starts to slow down just as he is move me on the floor he leans in and kisses me a real kiss a nick kiss, my nick.I ulterior discovered that nick had bought the ring in nice and had come for a job interview so he could live with me in nice. I cant wait to tell Lauren I am so excited, I walk back to Laurens it is such a clear and perfect night the stars are so bright and clear. Lauren you will never guess what has happened I feel like I cant get the words out fast enough. What? she sounds confused and worried Are you alright? I am the best, you know how I was going to nicks, well when I got there my phone rang and he opened th e door and I was scrambling So you and nick got back together then. She sounds weird and not her usual self. Not just that he asked me to marry him. I have to scream No way, oh my god I dont believe it she sounds so surprised I think I am going to bed. She says, what the hell I wanted to stay up most of the night planning it. Oh what, dont you want to help me with ideas. No I am so tired, but we will talk in the morning. She gives me a faded smile and goes off to bed. I cant possibly eternal rest now so I deicide to go back to nicks.I dont bother to buzz because someone is coming out of the building, as I reach out to knock on nicks door it opens and out walks Lauren in tears. What the hell are you doing here and why are you repetitive. I say confused. Lauren wait I can explain nick walks out after Lauren but stops dead when he sees me. Lauren what is the matter. I look at nick for an answer but he is staring at the ground, what is going on? I want to know I thought she said she was going to bed. Why dont you let nick explain, let nick explain everything. Lauren runs off in tears. I have no idea what is going on Nick what the hell is going on, why is Lauren clamant, why was she even here? I dont understand any of this. We need to talk, lets go inside. Nick walks into the flat I follow behind him, when I get into his flat there is a smashed glass on the floor. What has happened let me clear it up. I walk over to clear it up Just leave it, I need to tell you something. He sounds guilty and worried. Nick what is going on, first Lauren comes out of your flat instant(a) then there is a smashed glass on the floor and now you are looking guilty and asking to talk to Me. am I being paranoid? You might want to sit down I have to tell you something. What nick tell me now dont give me all this crap about sitting down tell me. Lauren was crying because she didnt want you and me to get married. What, why? I dont understand. Because she loves me. I dont believe it he d oesnt look like he is imposition I look into his eyes he is relative the truth nick never lies not to me. Suddenly it all makes sense when nick walked into the caf this morning how Lauren walked out and why she didnt want to talk about my conjugal union plans. Why would she be in love with you? I cant believe I am asking this and I try to not to sound like I want to know but the question has to be asked. Because, we had a thing What do you mean a thing? he better not be saying what I think he is saying. Me and Lauren together. Youre not giving me enough information, what the hell are you trying to say here? I cant believe what he is trying to tell me. Me and Lauren we had a thing together, right after you left. I dont believe what you are saying, how long for? I feel like I want to scream. Nick whispers something but I cant quite here him. Dont whisper I need to hear this. Two days the same time as you and Pierre were together. Pierre you didnt even know, whereas my best friend . You slept with my best friend, dont even try to get out of it and you leave me rest on the prom in nice crying my eyes out because I got engaged while you are sleeping with my best friend who I have known and trusted for over ten familys. I am nearly in tears and I feel pathetic but I am angry, angry at being so stupid not to see it and angry at nick for making me feel bad and guilty when he has been doing just the same but worse. Im sorry, I can explain give me a chance like I gave you a chance earlier. He sounds desperate and upset. I look over to him he has tears in those big blue eyes he stands up and walks over to me. You had gone and Lauren understood what I was going through so we became friends and one night we got really really drunk and one thing led to anotherSo you slept together at least me and Pierre were in a stable relationship. I am so mad I am crying in anger. Nick reaches out to wipe my tears away but I push his hand away. Dont touch me, how could you and you blamed me for getting engaged and you, you were I cant even say the words suddenly a thought comes into my head. appear a minute when I spoke to Lauren on the phone last night on the plane she said that she had seen you in the last twenty quaternity hours that means you slept with Lauren after you had seen me didnt you. I am really crying now. Didnt you I scream at him he looks up with tears in his eyes and nods his head. You bastard. I run over to him and hit him again and again I am like those sad and depressed woman in the movies but I cant help it nick is holding me down and trying to hug me. Get off me. I am crying so so much, I can musical note nick his gorgeous smell, nick is still trying to hug me I give up we just stand there holding each other for what seems like hours after a while nick speaks.Let me explain just give me that much of a chance. He sounds like he is crying I look up to see that he is, I nod and sit down on the sofa to listen I dont want to hear this but I want to know I have to know. You had just gone and Lauren was there the first time we slept together we were drunk, then it became a unwavering thing. I look away as tears spill out my eyes I cant take it but Ive got to know, nick lifts my head up and looks me right in the eyes, he is nearly crying as well. I knew I couldnt have you, so Lauren was the closest thing to you, what me and Lauren had was like a drop in the ocean compared to us, Lauren was growing more and more attached but all I wanted was you, before I knew it me and Lauren had been doing it for two years and she just wasnt you so I decided to come and get you when I got there you were with Pierre. He gets up and walks into the kitchen, I follow him when I get into the kitchen he has his back to me I swear he just wiped a tear away from his eye he turns to me and looks into my eyes. Sarah I love you. But can I forgive you? That is up to you, what me and Lauren did is horrible and I will never forgive myself. I dont k now I have to think this through until then I think you should have this. I slide off mine and nicks engagement ring I reach out to give it to him but he refuses to take it so I put it on the granite worktop and leave.Where should I go I cant go to Laurens I defiantly cant go to nicks.Knock knock it is taking ages for them to answer after what seems like hours later the door opens. Mum I burst into tears Sarah what has happened come in what has happened. So I tell her everything right from the start the two engagement rings, Pierre, nice, Lauren and nick. By the time my story has finished it is beginning to get light. What should I do mum I dont know what to do. First you should get some sleep then we will talk about it. She smiles at me. It is weird sleeping in my old room so many times I cried myself to sleep in this bed, when dad left, when granddad died, when I failed my GCSEs, the night before I left for nice and left nick behind. I get up to the smell of home(a) when I go dow nstairs mum is sitting in her usual spot I remember as I child whenever she had to think something through she would sit their and no one was allowed to disturb her for hours. Hey how did you sleep? She pats the spot next to her I go and sit with her. Not well, I kept thinking about nick and how he is, I did try to stop thinking about him but he just kept coming back into my mind.I know sweetie it is horrible. What should I do mum? My advice is, Lauren is the main one to blame I am not saying nick is innocent in all this but he was looking for a replacement of you, whereas Lauren knew full well what she was doing and lied to you every time she spoke to you. Still I dont know what to do. Go and talk to nick and if you love him give it one last try I am not saying it will be easy.So I took mums advice.I press the buzzer out of doors nicks flat, so many things are running through my head I dont know what is going to happen I dont even know weather to forgive him or weather I can forgi ve him. Hello Its me, can I talk to you. He buzzes me in without saying another word, when the lift doors open he is standing by his door wearing boxers and a t-shirt. I was drowsy I wasnt expecting you to come back. He looks really tiered and upset I cant look him straight in the eyes just yet. You better come in. he walks in leaving the door open behind him when I come into the flat I find him in his bedroom sitting on the end of the bed, he looks up at me I didnt get much sleep after you left I seemingly feel asleep, how have you been? he looks concerned I didnt sleep much every time I tried to sleep I just kept thinking about you. I look at nick and ask myself how can I still love him after what he is done to me and if I was being honest with myself I dont actually know the answer. bum I ask you one thing? I say curiously Anything but are you sure you want to hear it? It isnt about you and Lauren. I say Ok then what is it? he looked surprised did he want me to ask about him a nd Lauren or was their more he hadnt told me, that he had left out hoping I wouldnt know maybe I was just being paranoid it was hard to tell this whole lie was so unexpected. If you were sleeping with Lauren nick looks away shamed When you came to nice and found out about me and Pierre how come you were so mean to me when you were doing the same with Lauren? it is a harsh question but it has to be asked. Because you obviously had strong feelings for Pierre, I dont know maybe the thought of you even liking someone else also maybe the fact that you lied to me. He sounds annoyed at that. How can he be annoyed at me I didnt sleep his best friend did I? Why are you getting annoyed at me for lying. I sound like a spoilt childI dont know? Well I suggest you find out, youre the one who told me after I agreed to marry you. Youre the one who let me find out when your fianc turned up when I was topless just about to kiss you. Nick stands up, I cant believe him. Oh that is low even for someone that sleeps with my best friend when he says he was madly in love with me. I say spitefully Dont you hardihood for a second say I wasnt in love with you. So why didnt you come and get me? I did. What three years later, three years to late. I am yelling now thank god it is the middle of the day and not the night. What did you expect me to come after you? Yes. I say almost in a whisper, Nicks face instantly changes What? Yes, I wanted you to come and get me but you never showed up. Nick comes closer to me I never knew. You didnt have to know were werent cypherd to know. I turn away from nick, I have come here to try and sort things out and end up saying things that were just stupid thoughts ages ago and they dont even help now.I cant think of anything to say and nick is just looking at me, I seriously have no idea what to do I want to tell him so much I love him but I just cant not now. I look at nick hard to see what he is thinking looking into his eyes I just cant work it out. S uddenly I thought crosses my mind. I need to go. What, why I thought we need to talk. Does he think this is it. I have to speak to Lauren see what she has to say and pick up my stuff. Why are you going, are you coming back. I dont know, I just have to talk to her to see what she has to say about all of this.I leave the flat as I am pressing the bottom for the lift door to close nick suddenly comes out of his flat and holds the lift door open. Promise you will come back and talk to me. He saysI dont know what to say I have to hear Laurens side of the story before I make any decisions. Even if you cant forgive me at least come and say goodbye.I nod and nick lets go of the lift door I look at him as the door closes I look at his light brown ruffled hair, his perfectly tanned skin, his strong hands, and those perfect sea blue eyes.I really dont want to see or hear Laurens side of the story but it has to be done I suppose I owe it to our friendship or something like that.I dont bother to knock or buzz because being one of her oldest friends I have a key it is, seeing as it is a Sunday she is sure to be in. when I walk in she turns around and smiles Sarah where have you been did you stop over at nicks. She winks at me, Why is she acting normal when she knows what is going on. Isnt that more your style I know I sound like a fifteen year old but before I can stop myself I have said it. Lauren sighs So he told you Well what did you expect him to do not tell me? Oh I dont know, I didnt expect you to even come after him. What you knew. Of course, all of a sudden I was dumped for you. now she sounds like a fifthteen year old Lauren you can try to match you and nick to me and nick but as nick said your relationship was like a drop in the ocean compared to ours. So dont you dare compare, I am here for one thing only and that is to hear your pathetic excuse of a side of the story. I have to stay strong and not cry I try to remember revenge is a dish best served cold, cold li ke Laurens heart has to be. Sarah dont be like this. She sounds desperate So come on then I want to get this over with lets here it from start to finish the whole feeble excuse for an affair.Sarah dont be like this. Why not. I shout at her I hate being like this but I am so mad at her.Ok, Ill tell you just after you left nick was really upset so I went round to cheer him up and we got really really drunk and ended up in bed together and from then it become a regular thing. She looks away sheepish of herself exactly like Nick. So what is your excuse then nick had a reasonable one. I ask impatiently What I just told you about me and nick. No you told me what happened I want an excuse for sleeping with my ex boyfriend when you knew I still liked him. I know I am being really cheating(prenominal) on her but she deserves it. You knew I always liked nick I knew he was just using me because he couldnt have you. Is that it. I say in disgust Is that your excuse cause if it was I wasnt buyi ng it. I shake my head at her and walk into my room get my stuff and go to leave as I am getting to the door Lauren runs after me. You left nick it was over cant you let someone else have him I shouldnt be ashamed of what we had or still have. What do you mean still have? He told me he loved me. She says looking pleased with herself, I look at her with tears in my eyes. How could you Lauren I thought you were my best friend and your just a desperate I stop myself Go on Sarah its not like you to not finish saying what you like. Lauren says sneering at me. I wouldnt want to waste my breath. I walk out leaving her standing there.When I am outside Laurens I am trying to get a taxi as I begin to give up and start walking a taxi slows down inside it is nick he opens the window and tells me to get in. Where to then? The taxi driver asks, I look at nick for an answer Just drive us around for a while we need to have a talk without one of us running away. The taxi driver grunts a bit before agreeing and we start to drive nick leans over and closes the hatch. Nick what are you doing here? I ask I never trusted Lauren, I had to come and get you so she doesnt feed you a pack of lies. I say nothing and just stay silent Well come on then tell me what she said I know she has said something. How can he tell that by just looking at me. I cant stand this I need more time to think so I reach over and open the hatch and tell the taxi driver to stop. She said you loved her. I say as I scramble out of the taxi with my bags I begin to walk off all I can hear is Nick shouting my name.Sarah wait. He shouts from somewhere behind me Just leave me alone I shout back people are stating to stare but I dont care.Nick is right behind me when he catches up with me he stops me and spins me round so I am facing him I didnt realise he was so close to me he is right behind me. I dont love Lauren I never have I like her but I would never love her. So why did you tell her that you did? I look up at nick he is not going to reply so I carry on talking. I can take the fact that you have been sleeping with her for the past two years but express her you love her when you say you love me, I am sick of this Nick all the lies and dirty little secrets. I look across the street at all the people walking in and out of the shops. Did you tell Pierre you love him? nick asks Of course I did. I reply, this is it right here me and nick standing in the middle of a busy London street this is when I realise the future. It looks like we are both in love. I say to nick, he begins to smile I raise my hand for a taxi But it looks like we are in love with the wrong people. I say as tears spill out of my eyes I reach up and kiss nick on the head Goodbye nick.I get in the taxi Heathrow airport please.I can hardly see nick through tears Sarah dont do this I love you. Nick shouts from the pavageI cant bear to look at nick Just drive please, I say my voice wobbling cause I am crying so much.This has t o be the hardest thing to do all I can see is nicks face when I got in the taxi the way he looked at me. I am sitting at gate waiting to be called wondering if I am doing the right thing. Could people sitting in employment class please come to the desk with your boarding cards and passports ready. The airhostess was saying into the microphone this was it all over again leaving nick but this time it mat a hundred times worse. I have to do this I am strong enough to do this I know I am. So why am I still sitting here?I get up and walk over to the airhostess giving her my boarding pass and passport, she smiles brilliantly at me all I can manage is a brief smile I feel so rude but I am not in the mood to be polite. She hands my passport back and lets me through to go down to plane my stilettos are killing me and all I want to do is kick them off and run, run into nicks arms and forget all my troubles but I just cant not now not ever again. As I reach the aeroplane I am almost in tears again luckily no one has noticed, I get on to the plane and into my seat all I can think about is nick nothing else everything around me seems to remind me of nick like the guy sitting next to me got out his briefcase and I happened to notice his card that clearly explained that he was a lawyer like nick and the lady in front of me asking for a martin without the olive just like nick would ask, I keep telling myself I am being paranoid. After what feels like days I am home.I open all the windows in my flat to let out all the heat it is nearly midnight and still boiling, I try to get some sleep but just cant I keep thinking about nick and wondering what he is doing. I decide that I am not going to sleep at all and end up watching dirty dancing the best romantic film if only love could really be that simple even though her dad doesnt like them together he accepts it in the end and they dirty jump dance together. I wouldnt normally cry at the end but after everything that has happene d I cant help but cry. I end up falling asleep in front of the TV all I can see in my dreams is nick screaming my name but none one can hear him I wake up to the my phone ringing no wait not the phone the door bell I look up at the clock it is 3.30 who on earth could it be. I stagger to the door still half asleep yawning I open the door and standing in a white checked shirt and jeans is nick.I cant speak I dont know what to say I look around for a confabulation starter and end up catching sight of myself in a mirror I look terrible I am wearing and big t-shirt and bed socks my hair is all messed up. I look up at nick and he is just looking into my eyes. I have been shouting your name for ages havent you heard me? he says in a gentle voice. I was asleep, sorry. Why am I apologising he shouldnt be here. Nick why are you here? I ask Because I am not going to let it end like this. Nick walks into my apartment and sits down on the sofa, I close the door behind him and end up sitting on my dinning room table cause my apartment is open plan you dont have to sit on one particular chair I can sit anywhere. Do you want anything to drink? I ask politely No, I want you.I have no idea how to reply to that so I just end up sitting their not being able to think of anything to say luckily I dont have to say anything. I know you dont want it to end like this, and I am not going to let it end like this. How do you know what I want? I ask getting angryBecause I love you and if you love someone you know every little thing about them. Like what? I askLike the way they take their coffee, their shoe size, what their favourite movie is or when they are lying or unsure about something. So do you know all of that? I challenge him You dont like coffee or tea, your shoe size is 6 which you hate cause you think it is to big, your favourite movie is dirty dancing probably cause of Patrick Swayze and I do know when you are lying cause I knew the minuet after you left that you were lying. I get out and walk on to the balcony I dont know what to say? By this time nick has followed me. I love this view. Nicks say looking out on to the sea and the moon. You have seen it before. True but I didnt pay much attention to it last time all of my attention was you, it looks like you have done really well for yourself. Well running a billion euro cosmetic company does have its upsides. I laughnicks says nothing and just smiles

The Nature and Status of Folk Psychology

The nature and status of Folk psychological science (UP) In philosophy circles is controversial. In this bear witness I sh alone begin by briefly delimit what folk psychology Is. Followed by an outline on eliminative where some of the controversy lies. My primary(prenominal) focus result be on Paul Churchyards views and his arguments against UP, as this pull up stakes enable me to facilitate an assessment of his criticisms.Subsequent to that I will search for my own view in the apology of UP in the light of its proponents such as Horror and Woodward or Denned. By doing this I will then be able to gauge the plausibility of Churchyards criticisms of UP. Folk psychology (UP) is the name siren by lamentableness to the common sense soul of the opinion (Mind and Bodies pep). A common sense view which accepts that we all contain desires and emotions such as fear, lust, beliefs, desire, pain, pleasure ,love, hate, joy attraction and so forth.These deferent states of beingness are utilized in what are called propositional attitudes which show intent. An example of a propositional attitude is Brenda believes she bunghole win the lottery, Hereford believes is the Intentionality in this propositional attitude. The view of UP encapsulated by Paul Churchyard Is that It embodies our baseline understanding of the cognitive, affective, and purposive nature of person. Considered as a whole, it constitutes our conception of what a person is. (Churchyard in Guatemalan, 1994, p. 08) Before we go on to examine Churchyards criticism of UP, I think it would be useful to give a brief overview of the eliminations view bespeak regarding UP. Eliminative materialism (also called eliminative) Is a materialist position in the hilltops of mind. Its primary claim is that peoples common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) Is false and that certain classes of psychical states that most people believe in do not exist (Wilkinson, Mind and Bodies pep) Paul M. Churchya rd (b. 942) a Canadian-born philosopher is a leading proponent of eliminative he is a long time critic of UP and the foremost advocate of neuroscience. Churchyards criticism dovetails with the eliminations claim that UP is a false theory Eliminative materialism is the dissertation that our common-sense inception of psychological phenomena constitutes (eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes Paul M Churchyard Reading 6, Wilkinson, Mind and Bodies p 194). He claims that UP is not only a radically false theory precisely also an empirical theory by pointing out Its similarities with other theories.He does this by stating how our familiar noeticist vocabulary is to be understood standardised other se whiletic terms. In that the terms used engage or in fact do operate by a network of formulate laws like any other theory. An example of how Churchyard employs UP as theory Is found In his hypothesis argument on understanding the minds of others. He says that we can use U P as a hypothetical framework which Works in the main and is reasonable to employ (Wilkinson, Mind and Bodies pep).Although Churchyard accepts our everyday use of UP as a reasonable thing to do he still argues forcefully his claim, that UP is a false theory and does this with a leash prongy attack (a) its ontology is an illusion, (b) It is a dead(a) theory and incapable of advance (c) It Is not reducible to neuroscience. (a) Churchyard begins his attack on UP by declaring that It ouch as mental illness imagination intelligence differences sleep issues motor co- ordination perceptual illusions and memory, that he claims UP has nothing to say.He includes learning in this critique and with a advertise assault on UP propositional attitudes, questions where they are stored and how they are learnt to be employed, both vital to UP views on the conception of the mental. However Churchyard does not go as far as to say UP is not true but rather illusionary and that UP is at best a exceed ingly superficial theory (Ibid IPPP up 16) (b) Churchyard argues on historical grounds that The UP story is one of retreat infertility and decadence (Ibid IPPP IPPP).He gives the example of how ahead of time man used UP to relate to their environment in a naive fashion believing that the wind was capable of anger, the moon Jealousy as examples of early intentional attitudes. Therefore backing up his argument that UP along with these historical intentional attitudes has become stagnant and sterile and had to give ground in the face of better theories from the area of empirical science (Wilkinson Mind and Bodies pep). To add further weight to this criticism Churchyard uses MireLegatos terms that UP is a stagnant or degenerating research program, and has been for millennia (Churchyard, Reading 6, Wilkinson, Mind and Bodies, IPPP, up 18). (c) Theoretical reductionism, the process by which one theory is absorbed into another is what Churchyard uses as the main thrust of his argument tha t UP is probably false as it is not reducible to neuroscience. How UP promises theoretical integration by Churchyards opinion is very inadequate he bashes FPS lack of progress and coherence in relation to natural history and physical sciences.Where he believes there growth in rinsing understanding of man is out performing UP in many respects, pointing to neuroscience breakthroughs in human sensory input and neural activity. Furthermore according to Churchyard, UP is equal to a misfit standing alone looking incapable of synthesis as FPS stagnation and explanatory impotence promise little faith (Ibid IPPP IPPP). Moreover UP will not likely be reflected by neuroscience as it will seem to be antiquated and here he draws a parallel among UP and Aristotelian cosmology.His final and most damming attack to back up his arguments on FPS laziness is that it suffers explanatory failures on an epic scale (Ibid, IPPP, IPPP). I will now go over the main points of Churchyards arguments and chall enge their validity and soundness in the light of his main critics and defenders of UP. Churchyards first criticism that there are areas of the mind such as motor co- ordination, sleep and memory which he says are not dealt sufficiently by UP. And implying that its ontology may be false is objected to by a riposte from two American philosophers Horror and Woodward in defense of UP.Firstly on the grounds that to impose demands on any psychological theory accounting for abundant know how when theoretical knowledge is relatively primitive (A fair point given that psychology as a medical discipline has only been honorable about the last one hundred years). Secondly, as Churchyard argues if UP is to be a successful theory the fact it must offer explanations for all the phenomena it lists in Horror and Woodward opinion this argument needs to be treated with skepticism and caution (Horror and Woodward, 1985, up. 00). Finally as Churchyards narrowing of FPS definition does not bear on re tain areas of the mind it is also dismissed, with good argument I think, because cognitive psychology has developed detailed theories on intentional psychologies (UP) Churchyards empirical argument fails to forget a convincing critique on the grounds that the theories outlined are explainable in terms of UP. Churchyards second assault on UP that it is a stagnant theory employing the same mentalist framework as the ancient Greeks.Horror and Woodward have a counter argument they rebut his view by citing the progression in 18th and 20th century literature such as Jane Austin and John Birth. Furthermore bringing their point to bear with great assurance when they point to the modern day skill in appealing to our unconscious beliefs and motivations, in my view borne out when viewing our modern day advertising. Therefore a refuter to Churchyards assertion that UP is a stagnant theory, incapable of advance is found to be false (Wilkinson, Mind and Bodies pep).In reply to Churchyards contr oversial damning conclusion on FPS falseness due to its inability to reduction and that it suffers explanatory failures on an epic scale (Reading 6 IPPP,IPPP), American philosopher Daniel Detente (1942) points out hat eliminations fails to recognize UP as a normative theory (not further a descriptive one). In that it also encapsulates an ideal or recommendation on how to proceed as a rational being with a value structure which incorporates social practices, such as greeting, reassuring, that is relevant to everyday existence.A pertinent point made by Denned in that it is not average crucial not only to our own reason as human beings but that it enables us to act and think rationally and facilitates good social relations. This as can be deduced makes a mockery of Churchyards FPS falseness claims. These thoughts are mirrored by Horror and Woodward that UP although probably not reducible to neuroscience Churchyard is Just mistaken to assume that UP must be reducible to neuroscience i n order to be compatible with it (Horror and Woodward, 1985, PEP).The assessment and examination of eliminations views on Folk Psychology with particular regard to Churchyards criticisms and UP defenders crystallites for me the essence of the UP debate, theory or practice? , reality or illusion? , past or future? UP for me is a skill nurtured by the past and in my opinion elegantly defended by Horror and Woodward arguments not only for its continual relevance but its assurance upon contemporary culture implying a growth in its lexicon.Finally Dents utter dismissal of the eliminations views that UP left a great deal unexplained. And it is by Dents assertion that we need UP to give us a language of reason for both our personal and social behaviors, a real boon to Folk psychology. After defining and outlining both UP and eliminative, we can see some plausible solutions to the controversy with regards to the claims that UP is a false theory, Rutherford that it is illusory, stagnant and non reducible. In my opinion Churchyards assertion that UP is a false theory is invalid.As having seen the arguments for criticizing UP I have come to the view that Churchyards criticisms of UP can easily be argued against, not because of his limitations of his understanding but because of his not taking into account normative values pointed out by Denned. But also invalid on the grounds that at least two to three thousand years in the life of mankind would be in my view absurdly dismissed. And finally if we were all given a behaving like robots reservation poetry and art nonsense