Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD 1. Samenvatting Boek Before the Industrial base M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek Arm en Rijk D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges Migratie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek Before the Industrial Revolution M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1 Demand (pages 3 t/m 52) Spain census of world, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and non precise. Small societies. not really long growth of population in 18th ampere-second. Low fertility or high death rate is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic mortality occurs in calamitous years, it far exceeded current fertility. everlastingly drastic fluctuations of population. Needs dep demolition on population size, geographical factors, and structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors. Cultural factors counte r/duty to do certain lose weightgs. As long as a person is free to necessitate what he wants, what counts on the market are not needs, but wants. Wants are twain expressed by individuals and society but only have limited resources, we have to make choices.Wants become legal demand when they are backed by purchasing power. (expressed by purchasing power). Purchasing power is based on income/statistical dispersal of income ( exoteric/ cloistered) & level and structure of prices. Income and distribution Incomes can be divided in wages/profits/interests and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a striking contrast surrounded by the abject misery of the mass and the profusion and magnificence of a limited number of truly rich large number. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of the riches assessed. Other measurement of wealth bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory tycoon made accurate calculations of national income, putting to good use all the material he had available in addition to his personalized observations. Poverty and short distribution of wealth and income. population with no income at all beggars. In France at the end of the 17th century, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. Most masses lived at subsistence level, no savings or social security to help them in distress, only hope was charity. In different European cities, there were different percentages of beggars. Many fluctuations in unemployment figures. In years of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) high numbers of poverty.Income can be earned or transferred. Transfers voluntary transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). Many people left things in arrears for charity when they died. Also disasters and feasts served to accentuate charity. When people died from a disaster, their belongings went to the church/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could affect productive activity. Compulsory transfers taxation on the one hand, plunder and theft on the separate hand. Theft on low-class people because of famine, inequality of income. Noble people as well earlier centuries of nerve center ages.Ransom (losgeld), large transfers of wealth. In early periods, great importance of alternatives to trade. After 10th century, trade expanded and concentrated in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand Demand for return goods, demand for services, demand for heavy(p) goods. 1. Demand for con messageption goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for capital goods Demand can similarly be divided into 1. Private indispensable demand 2. globe internal demand 3. Foreign demand Private demand the lower the income, the high the percentage spend on food (logic). The poorer the country, the higher the percentage spend on food of total expenditures.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such(prenominal) as bread (stijfselachtig voedsel). Rich people, less(prenominal) quantity o f total income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too much. Purchase of clothing was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of deads were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the right smart of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/ heat energy and other(a) items provided tot ser vanguardts by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. self-explanatory when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an sum of money saved of their in come. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in Eng set ashore at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income.Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though Eng enter was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into coronation. Hoarding preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). Beginning 11th centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious make. 11th & 12th century financed through dis-hoarding. Investment euphoria. Public demand Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of na tional income. Before the 18th century existence and private demand were different to distinguish. Distinction presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & stinting entity. Level and structure of national demand a. income public power (derive from taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. wants of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes income is function of their wants. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Through break through the Middle Ages and Renaissance the public powers managed to broaden the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the Crown rose. But also rising prices, growing population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints From 12th century sometimes administration was done by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public silver were embassies (representation). But military expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. Also medical and educational services rose. Ethical & social valuepaying with public coin so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human capital. Guns & warships unseductive form of capital, capital goods middle 15th century public expenditure. Demand of the church Church is important economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they donate to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. sixteenth and 17th centurygrowing size of land take inings.Every now and then , however, church fell upon hard times in which bad administration affected property reformation was worst period in advancehand 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was left of English monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand Net bailiwick of ex potpourris with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & metals). Import/Export = contrasted trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. shutdown 16th century, clothes 80% English export. High transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. Industrial revolution made it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be measured by total GDP. (GNP). England best country with statistics on foreign trade. Henry VII (15th centrury) three hundred. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers ruined. Trade consequences depend on qualitative structures of certain trade. CHAPTER 2 The factors of production (pages 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called factors of production. Labor (ARBEID) divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but NOT producers). Nowadays productivity is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial work till dead, start younger than 15.Child labor fields summer. Bad treatment + female labor (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse sells food (mothers milk) & cares for sister (service). Of economical and social importance. Sectors of activity Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary Agricultural low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, exhaust and eat it, very vulnerable Working Capital consists of stocks and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays ratio working capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, doom preppers however still exist-)). Working capital is continually turned over. Continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. non so much because of poor potence of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR) non reproducible capital. Not infinite Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, and so onMedieval people were conscious about pollution more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of bare and planting trees. Later the rules became less important to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian culture because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of piss and wind for land-based activities ( utilise on the spot), so manufacturers were located were mills could be build. Organization labor, capital and natural resources must be combined in schemeal forms which deviate according to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrat ed on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchants with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. Modern capitalism manufacturing or profession sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3 Productivity and Production (pages 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges from their combination of use. Determinants better education, economies of scale, technological culture, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human vitality of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels technological progress. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath) between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. mutant because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers low labor productivity meant that produ ction processes were labor-intensive. Building industry little progression on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440 printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production greatest part of production in preindustrial Europe food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production the deliberate destruction of men and w health & pollution and the destruction of the environment. Destruction of men and wealth for semipolitical or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War - Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial scarcity of capital. Plague destroyed me n, not capital. Livestock killed, acres burned, vineyards destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. damage to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for negative production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increased use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4 The Urban Revolution The Communes (pages 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. economical decline. North improved position, contact with south. Muslim invasion. Depressed and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and 13th centuries represented a advanced growth, which changed the course of history. Differences between parts of countries and countries. Massive migratory movement.Towns grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration push & pull factors. Town was a place for innovation, economic and social advancement. Nobles took dwelling in the city (Italy). Cities became seats and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were very different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers Italian cities attack and conquer the surrounding territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities developed slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. Horizontal arrangements, co-operation among equals university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the advanced outlook and which reflected new ideas. QUESTION How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian historian) beside a feudal fortress of rising again from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of new society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5 Population Trends & Plagues (pages 123 t/m 136)Beginning new millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. Also wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. 16th century substantial growth. Beginning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children born still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION Which types of mortali ty can be distinguished? Normal and catastrophic mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While catastrophic mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very vulnerable to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines contributed at one time to increase in mortality but also indirect by encouraging epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small Effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but af terward a catastrophe start all over again. Citites survived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics after 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. Disappearance of plague after 17th century. Reasons better building, burying corpses, disappearance of cruddy rat? onverdedigbaar BUT ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6 Technology (pages 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700 Romans -Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT we always think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century watermills, plough, crop rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing lottery animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and strengthen each other. Many horses u sed, better capital. Alos IRON for equipment. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also Windmillsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatically, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions spinning wheel and spectacles (BRIL). Beginning 14th century clocks, firearms and canal locks. Ship building ship skeleton first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast new horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. Spread rapidl y. Spinning wheel China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation small steps through numerous excusable experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical axis, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European publisher produced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century passion for mechanization of all productive processes. LABOR SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanical outlook from people. Spread of clock churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook reinforced more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible heartbreaking disturbances. Scarcity of labor caused by epidemics one fa ctor but were many more and complex factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology 12th 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and English. Through ages main channel for diffusion of innovation has been migration of people. = migration of human capital. Sometimes things kept a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries skilled labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for economy of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7 Enterprise, Credit & Mon ey (pages 160 t/m 182) Enterprise and credit Business techniques organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoarding etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in businessinstead of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia (coastal cities). Inland grew companies betterless risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). Involvement of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in company history. End 13th century entries publicly authenticated. Italians divalent entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda not possible with out MUTUAL TRUST & honesty in business. Development civil/ pitiful legislation. Monetary trends Start 11th century economy + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. Gold measured in carats, pure measure of gold and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. Silver, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to mechanize the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods instead of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) Extreme in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) Pmarketprice, M amount someone brought in, Ccharge minter, Sleft of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluat ion and revaluation, economy suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldnt belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwardly devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with multiples of 1 coint. Bimetallic system with silver AND gold started in Italy. Supply of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese 1457, cruzado). by and by silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver Guldiner in Germany. Spanish came back from America with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. bankers appeared money changes intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. Just a fraction of total amount in KAS. reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who collected de posits and created money. Bank money positive development. QUESTION Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a fraction of total deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8 Production, Income & Consumption (pages 183 t/m 208) The great expansion 1000-1300 Phase of expansion new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. racy land, NEW land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German eastward expansion was demographic, economic, political and rel igious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to Central Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. reconstruct new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Northern Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends 1300-1500 CHAPTER 9 The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek Arm & Rijk D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China * 3. Europas eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. train ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 12. Winnaars en verliezers de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijk e bedeeldheid natuurInvloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. Hierarchy betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldheid is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hierdoor inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterfte erg minder. Contrast echter nog steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (in heems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.Afrika sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede door bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij & hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid Europa en China Europa betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hierdoor achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook door culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografisc he liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gezonder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SA manpowerLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELDEenhydraulische samenleving(ook bekend onder de termenwatermonopolie-rijkofhydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, d ie haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerdeirrigatieof gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale proviso en een hiertoe gespecialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. 3. Europas eigen weg In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de ondernemingszin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betr eft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalenAls er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze overlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht