How Much Does It Cost to Hire a Book Publicist

The amount Does It Cost to Hire a Book Publicist What amount does a book marketing specialist cost? The short answer is expenses shift primarily as indicated by the administrations offered and the size of the firm you recruit, however generally it is a responsibility that will probably run you thousands, not hundreds, of dollars. If you somehow managed to recruit one of the huge New York-based firms, you would talk six figures, and you would get much something other than a marketing specialist †it would be an increasingly comprehensive PR battle that incorporates promoting, informing, and then some. At that point there are explicit book-and writer related firms that have workplaces in major urban territories that probablyâ will charge a huge task expense to begin. Any administrations like occasion and media booking in visit urban communities, web-based social networking effort, and so forth are charged also. On a book- There are organizations who offer individual individually alternatives for battles for not as much as what it would cost to do a full crusade, including: = Sending your book out to a particular rundown of commentators. = Sending a public statement out to choose radio, TV, print, and online makers/editors. = Radio visits with an ensured number of meetings planned. = Blog visits with a dedication on the quantity of surveys that will be posted. = Individual market battles, for example, a firm that represents considerable authority in booking Los Angeles media and occasions. To limit your costs, you may just request a mailing or a blog visit. A portion of the organizations that handle these occupations are online-based and you may never really address an individual. This is the way they keep their costs in the hundreds - In the event that you recruit a boutique advertising firm, you will probably either pay an undertaking charge or a month to month retainer. It will rely upon what you need and the amount you need the organization to accomplish for you. The costs identified with the sort of relationship with a customer that incorporates singular consideration, telephone gatherings, adaptability, and what I consider to be a long haul, quality association between the customer and the firm will run a few a great many dollars. The primary contemplations are: = What sorts of administrations do you need? = What sort of relationship would you like to have with the organization you are working with? = How much work would you be able to do all alone? What money related assets are sensibly available to you? = Can the organization you need to work with haggle with you to give you the best cluster of administrations at a value that is commonly pleasing? = Can you buy explicit administrations from a similar organization that will give you the best of the two universes: an increasingly customized battle and lower costs? Advertising is a real expertise that takes a great deal of time. Despite the fact that it is in some cases hard to quantify results, have confidence the time and work is being spent.  I think the most significant quality your delegate ought to have is a promise to you and your work.  This individual or organization is going to assist you with picking up presentation and will really acquaint your book with the world in fascinating manners. So when you are searching for a marketing specialist realize that the familiar maxim rings true†â€Å"you get what you pay for†Ã¢â‚¬and on the off chance that you are searching for somebody who is going to buckle down for your benefit, it isn’t going to be modest.

Philadelphia Primate Head Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philadelphia Primate Head Study - Essay Example A few decades prior, the government needed to suspend the financing of the University’s Head Injury Clinical Research Laboratory. The supreme president in those days, Sheldon Hackney, further gave an order to stop the institution’s utilization of creature tests planned for finding the best treatment for survivors of injury related cerebrum harm. The mandate filled in as an auspicious reaction to a starter report by the National Institute of Health (NIH) planned for ending a specific mandrill investigate venture (Meyer 1). As I would like to think, the utilization of primates in studies ought to be annulled in light of the fact that it is ill bred to life structures, crooked and conflicts with the morals of advantage and non-wrathfulness. In May 1984, Animal Liberation Front (ALF) activists barged in the abandoned Philadelphia grounds of The University of Pennsylvania and took a few recordings of creatures enduring during different head tests (Orlans 71). The recordings caught over 60 hours of authorized monkey enduring shelling of the primates’ heads utilizing cylinders so as to actuate mind wounds. Individuals for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made cases that the tapes indicated activities of rehashed infringement of government strategies that administer the altruistic utilization of creatures in explore research centers (Orlans 71). In the examinations, researchers dismissed the utilization of careful asepsis and utilized an exceptionally irrelevant measure of sedation to the primates’ bodies. Advantage alludes to an activity accomplished to serve others through anticipation/expulsion of damage (Beneficence versus Nonmaleficence par.1). The guideline requests that all doctors should avoid hu rting their patients. The analysts in Philadelphia, subsequently, through causing the mandrills gigantic degrees of torment, dismissed the need to watch the standard of value. The excruciating demonstration likewise delineates a critical arrangement of foul play to the creature. I am of the assessment that, regardless of whether a creature needs incredible,

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Last venture - Essay Example Except if controlled, these conditions continually brief increasingly important ethnic and racial rivalry and to progressively critical political, social, and financial mistreatment. As indicated by Barusch (264) bigotry is a cutting edge marvel that has been set up for a more drawn out time and it focuses on estrangement and abuse of both monetary and social condition of the people in question. I originate from a metropolitan territory and thus the region is home to all races of the world. In the previous years, there has been struggle between various races living inside the region. The circumstance around the territory can follow its foundations back to when the region was developing with foundation of ventures and other social enhancements. There was a tremendous development of individuals from different areas of the nation looking for employement and better social pleasantries. Consequently, there was an expansion in populace which was comprised of various races. With time, contrasts began ascending among people from various races. There are the individuals who felt to be increasingly better than others. The principle races that have significantly been influenced are the African-American and the Latinos. The prejudice is profoundly showed in the work environments, instructive offices, and among social conveniences like eateries and spots of love. The African-Americans es pecially have been deceived more than different races as they are the minority inside the zone. The arrangement against bigotry will occur in three primary region; Educational foundations, social spots, and in the open spots. The thought is to make social mindfulness and request that individuals remain against prejudice. The accompanying individuals will be engaged with the program; The program will run for a month and will be occurring every day running from Monday to Saturday. The utilization of the Ying Yang will be extremely instrumental as our device or instrument of correspondence. The Yin Yang is known all inclusive to speak to two

Business Practice Argumentative Essay Topics Options

Business Practice Argumentative Essay Topics Options Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Essays could be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples ahead of publication. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Ultimately, research intensely and discover out the topics where you believe that you may discover the most sufficient data and brainstorm a list of topics. You should utilize APA reference tools to help in writing your essay the right way or employ an expert essay writer that could write the essay working with the APA reference tools. There are a few particular elements that are necessary in an argumentative essay. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. As a result, if you're extremely passionate about the subject and can't assess it objectively, think about switching it. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. Merely mentioning the similarities and differences isn't enough if one cannot analyze the principal ideas. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure you do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. It might be necessary to liaise with other people to recognize the good compare and contrast essay topics. English language classes usually want a lot of writing. What Business Practice Argumentative Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not Innovations in businesses should be cautiously thought out since they don't only make positive modifications but also carry an assortment of risks. They offer a number of elements highly important to a country's economy such as employment, productivity and a form of financial security. They thrive when they are able to provide a product people want. Whenever you opt to ask us for skilled help, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. Hospital administrators will need to develop strong relationships with schools that provide healthcare-related degrees in their regional communities and across the country. If you can't cope with them yourself, you always have the option to submit an application for assistance. Healthcare Administrator research papers note that considering the part of healthcare administration staff within the bigger context of the hospital, it's clear there are lots of issues that administrators will need to deal with. Who Else Wants to Learn About Business Practice Argumentative Essay Topics? There are scores of interesting small business topics for research paper writing. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to somebody else. If you select the incorrect subject, you might get stuck with your writing and have a difficult time moving forward. Picking the most suitable topic for a persuasive speech is occasionally not such an easy matter to do as it might appear. There isn't any question that hard work is imperative to be effective in life. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. It is preferable to search online because it will save yourself a plenty of time. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Incredible piles of homework make it practically not possible for students not hoping to discover an assistance and to purchase superior essay papers. Be sure to spell out in what way the answers to the questions would help to rate the conclusion. One of the most usual strategies to discover the topic for discussion is to search for the present problem. Normally, having three significant arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. The mutual interest of each side of the argument is an important element for developing a strong persuasive paper. The variety of body paragraphs will mostly rely on the period of your paper. When you are requested to pick a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with.

The Character Of Sarah Develope From The Film Labyrinth (...

How does the character of Sarah develope due to those surrounding her in the film labyrinth? â€Å"A complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one s way; a maze:† (Oxford Dictionaries:2017) In the 1986 fantasy/action film Labyrinth (Jim Henson:1986) The plot closely follows the story of the protagonist Sarah in this coming of age film. The story follows Sarah on her quest to find her younger brother Toby, who has been kidnapped by the Goblin King, Jareth. Sarah is introduced to a variety of fantasy creatures on her travels through the Labyrinth.(Wikipedia 2017). A few of which assist her on her quest. I am going to analyse how the characters in, labyrinth impact Sarah s character development.The†¦show more content†¦Throughout the first act of the film, just by being introduced to Sarah s family the audience can see that Sarah is a stubborn and selfish character. However, as Sarah is first implied as being elaborate and mean we also see Sarah s considerate side come out as she begs the Goblin King to give Toby back to her. The first character from the labyrinth Sarah is introduced to is the Goblin King Jareth himself, who is the antagonist in the film. Jareth takes Toby as he believes this is what Sarah wants. Throughout the film we see that Sarah is drawn to the character of Jareth, however she also shows annoyance towards the character. We see she initially has an connection to Jareth at the start of the film as she s reading the book. Jareth gives Sarah the opportunity to grow courage and heroic characteristics throughout the film. He does this by taunting her. We see that Sarah s character develop as she gains courage and becomes heroic in the last act when she defeated Jareth. Jareth says at the beginning of the second act when they are both outside the labyrinth â€Å"Go back to your room, play with your toys. When Jareth says this, it suggests Sarah is childish. However this can also be perceived as Jareth taunting Sarah into taking up his challenge of the labyrinth. We then see Sarah pluck up the courage to follow out this challenge. Another example of Jareth testing Sarah is when he makes Hoggle give Sarah the peach. Sarah eats the peach

Essay about Taxi in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises

Taxi in Hemingways The Sun Also Rises The taxi went up the hill, passed the lighted square, then on into the dark, still climbing, then leveled out onto a dark street behind St. Etienne du Mont, went smoothly down the asphalt, passed the trees and the sanding bus at the Place de la Contrescarpe, then turned onto the cobbles of the Rue Mouffetard. There we lighted bars and late open shops on each side of the street. We were sitting apart and we jolted close together going down the old street. Brett’s hat was off. Her head was back. I saw her face in the lights from the open shops, then it was dark, then I saw her face clearly as we came out on the Avenue de Gobelins. The street was torn up and men were working on the car-tracks by†¦show more content†¦The taxi is a terrible entity which kidnaps Jake and Brett from one sidereal pit of sameness and only delivers them to the same place in the end. Rather than allowing them the freedom of mobility, in truth its main function, the taxi is incapable of doing any thing but regurgitating them at the same place it swallowed. Jake and Brett ride away from one bar in a taxi, with no destination in mind, only to arrive at another bar. This scene as a whole shows the cyclical nature of their relationship, and as a metaphor represents the ennui of the â€Å"Lost Generation† in Paris. Just as Jake and Brett take a taxi ride to nowhere, the entire population rides a taxi to nowhere. Brett is constantly searching for an escape from her misery, which is caused primarily by her being lost in the mire of the modern Parisian atmosphere, where the streets are being torn up and rebuilt for no apparent reason. When in Paris, neither of them grow or change, they are just rebuilt during each night of drinking. Not only is their existence within Paris dictated by nothing but caprice, their very reactions are dependent upon modernity. In the car, Jake and Brett are forced together by the bumps in the road; not by any personal initiative. Their relationship, which is shrouded in wretchedness and indecision, is nothing but a series ofShow MoreRelated Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance1402 Words   |  6 PagesYoure an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see? (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 Paris in the 1920s was a place that seemed to embody dynamic artistic achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either there or had passed through at some point. It became the living embodiment of the oldRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises : Jake Barnes Ernest Hemingway - a Comparison3277 Words   |  14 PagesHemingways The Sun Also Rises Jake Barnes Ernest Hemingway – A Comparison â€Å"Hey, Kitty, said Ernest, Im taking your advice. Im writing a novel full of plot and drama. He gestured ahead towards Harold and Bill. Im tearing those bastards apart, he said. Im putting everyone in it and that kike Loeb is the villain.â€Å" - Hemingway (Baker p.234) Table of contents: 1. Setting, Characters Background 2. Impotence War Wound 3. Women 4. San Fermà ­n 5. Interests Characteristics BibliographyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1567 Words   |  7 Pagesliquor was cheaper† (Fitzgerald 112, My Lost City). The 1920s was an innovated evolution, away from traditional morals of many Americans to those values less conservative and open-minded. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, and Ernest Hemingway’s, The Sun Also Rises, act as an exploration of Americans’ shift in values, post-World War One (WWI). These authors do so by commenting on the excessive partying and drinking, the falsification of relationships, and the lost generation of the veterans who foughtRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises presents an interesting commentary on the fluidity of gender roles and the effects of stepping outside of the socially constructed binary approach to gender. Jake’s impotence and his inability to win Brett romantically results in a struggle with masculinity and inadequacy. Brett, possessing many masculine attributes, serves as a foil and embodies the masculinity the men in the novel lack. The juxtaposition of Jake’s struggle and Brett’s refusal to adhere to conventionalRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises1975 Words   |  8 PagesSelflessness In Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, we are taken back to the 1920’s, accompanied by the â€Å"Lost Generation.† During this time, prohibition was occurring in America. Hemingway uses alcohol as an obstacle that causes distresses between the main character, Jake and his life. Along with alcohol, promiscuity is prevalent throughout the novel. The heroine of the novel, Brett, displays the theme of promiscuity throughout the novel. She uses her sheer beauty and charming personality toRead MoreComparing The Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway And Faulkner1593 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novels, The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway and As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner, the protagonists experience a difficult, emotional event. Both Hemingway and Faulkner capture how the protagonists feel unwanted and alone when they go through a life changing experience. Hemingway and Faulkner capture this by using different writing styles to show how the characters cope with th eir emotions and feelings from the setback. Hemingway writes simplistic sentences to show how Jake Barnes putsRead More The Sun Also Rises1869 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises† from the American Ernest Hemingway takes the reader in an after World War One Europe. More precisely this novel is based on men and women that experienced this war, with all its pains, changes and consequences. Hemingways narrator , Jack Barnes, is an American journalist who suffers a war-wound that leads him to an emotional wound. Through the novel division in three books, the reader can see an evolution in Jakes behaviour. He goes from a desperate wounded man livingRead More Comparing Daisy Buchanan of The Great Gatsby and Brett of The Sun Also Rises2630 Words   |  11 Pagesof The Great Gatsby and Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Written right after the publication of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is apparently influenced in many ways.   The most obvious of Fitzgeralds influence is manifested in Hemingways portrayal of his heroine, Brett Ashley. Numerous critics have noted and discussed the similarities between Brett and Daisy Buchanan, and rightly so; but the two women also have fundamental differences. Compared to DaisyRead MoreEssay on Character Analysis of Jake Barnes1919 Words   |  8 Pages The pivotal character of Ernest Hemingways novel, The Sun Also Rises is Jake Barnes. He is a man of complex personality--compelling, powerful, restrained, bitter, pathetic, extraordinarily ordinary yet totally human. 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Accident Analysis and Prevention

Question: Discuss about the Accident Analysis and Prevention. Answer: Introduction: There is an increasing trend in the drinking habit and drug addiction within the youths globally. Their drug addiction and drinking habit often becomes a problem for them as well as for the other people in the society. In addition, people are now addicted with their mobile phones so much that they use it even while driving (Armstrong et al., 2014). This report tries to focus on the need for spreading awareness amongst people so that they can take care of their life. Through this, report the need for the NGO named Beyond Blue to be engaged in social marketing and awareness has been focused. The report starts with a brief survey of the existing literature in this regards and then highlights the focus of the campaign. A SWOT analysis has been done followed by the reason behind choosing the targeted market has been provided. A catchy message and the effectiveness of that message have been evaluated. Through a concluding stanza the findings of the report has been summarized. Chosen Organization and Academic Literature: The Australia based non-profitable organization named Beyond Blue has been chosen for this report. It has been in operation since October 2000. The birth of this organization has been through the initiative of territory governments and the Australian Federal. The main motto of this organization is to deal with the depression, mental disorder and anxiety of the different age-group of people (www.beyondblue.org.au, 2017). According to the report published by Federal Trade Commission, around 4,700 youth die from consumption of alcohol. Globally around 10,322 people died and 345000 people were injured because of impaired driving (www.tac.vic.gov.au, 2017). Literature on this topic also suggests that drunk driving or driving while using mobile phone is not only fatal for the person but also causes moral hazard (Khezhie Srivastava, 2016). In spite of the fact that there have been several deaths over the years due to these two factors, still very few literatures have been able to capture the true essence of the actual loss caused by these two factors. The gap lies in the literature, as the life of people needs to be converted in monetary terms to capture the loss. Different nation gives different weight-age to peoples life and thereby the gaps exist in the literature. Campaign Focus: Beyond blue is going to organize or launch a new campaign named Alive Today, Alive Tomorrow. The campaign has been named as Alive Today, Alive Tomorrow as only if binge drinking can be controlled, the number of accidents can be reduced and thereby the youths would get a scope to live in tomorrow. Through this campaign, it is going to focus on the betterment and raise awareness amongst youths engaged in binge drinking and addicted towards their mobile phone. This is going to be a new campaign for the organization. There is a serious need to implement proper marketing strategies for the organization working for a social cause (Vaucher et al., 2016). This concept of social marketing involves development and integration of various concepts of marketing to influence the behavior of the people and drive their conduct in the betterment of the communities (French Gordon, 2015). This upcoming campaign is going to focus on two arenas, namely to identify the addicted youths and make them aware of the consequences. In addition, this campaign also focuses on providing guidance through which the parents of the adolescents and the youths can understand the ways in which they should communicate with their growing kids. SWOT Analysis: The internal factors existing within the organization, which helps in identifying the gaps of the organization, can be done through SWOT analysis. In case of Beyond Blues the SWOT analysis has been presented below: Strength The main strength of this NGO is that it has been built up with the initiative take by the Australian government. The organization has been involved in dealing with people of different age-groups. Last year in 2016, this organization has been recognized within the top 3 organization in Australia (www.beyondblue.org.au, 2017). Weakness Beyond blue does not have any prior experience to campaign for the cause of drunk driving and technical addiction (www.tac.vic.gov.au, 2017. Since, the organization has not yet dealt with this factor, therefore, the organization lacks in the infrastructure that is needed to take care of rowdy, drug addicted youths. Opportunity Being listed as amongst the top 3 organization in itself is a great opportunity to attract funding which can smoothen their functioning (www.beyondblue.org.au, 2017). The organization has been dealing with peoples depression and anxiety. This is greatly related to the new campaigning that they are going to introduce. Threats There are several NGOs working in Australia who possess a tough competition to this organization (www.tac.vic.gov.au, 2017). For this upcoming campaign, the organization faces the threat of unacceptability amongst the youths who are engaged in drinking and breaking law and orders. Justification of Target Market: According to data published by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, it has been observed that on an average an Australian takes their first dose of alcohol between 16 and 17 years of age (www.aihw.gov.au, 2017). In addition, the report published by National Drug Strategy Household Survey also states that average Australian get into their habit of smoking in during this age (www.aihw.gov.au, 2017). This clearly indicates the fact that young adults and youths are the most vulnerable section of the society. They are also under peer pressure and have the notion of following the trends blindly (Klauer et al., 2014). This is the primary reason behind Beyond Blue to target the youths in their campaign. In addition, the youths are the future human capital of an economy and the pillars of the society. Hence, their bad habits are going to hamper the society in general and the upbringing of the future generation (Dibbs, 2014). Social Marketing and 4Ps: The approach through which any organization plans to develop strategies focusing on the peoples behavior and tries to channelize their behavior in the benefits of others is known as social marketing (Inoue Kent, 2014). Through this report, the 4Ps of marketing has been highlighted which the chosen organization is going to adopt in their upcoming campaign. Product: The first Ps in any marketing strategy is Product. The concept of products includes anything that can satisfy the utility of the consumer. It can be both tangible and intangible in nature. The product for the upcoming social campaigning is not any tangible commodity but the service provided by the employees of the organization. Here, the employees and the volunteers are highly enthusiastic in service and catering to the well-beings of the people. The range of services that they are going to provide to the Australians through their campaign starts from highlighting the consequences of drunk driving and usage of mobile while driving (WHO, 2013). On the next step, they are going to select the regions with the highest record of accidents caused due to drunk driving took place. In those regions, they are going to identify the youths and try to make them more responsible through counseling and rehabilitation (Livingston Jiang, 2013). The final service that they are going to provide to the Australians is to set up an interaction zone whereby the parents of youths can interact and learn the ways in which they would communicate with their growing kids. Recent news suggests that there have been several drunk driving cases recorded in Australia (Olding Levy, 2016). This may prevent or reduce the death toll caused by drunk driving. Price: According to famous sayings, Theres no Free-Lunch, the service provided by the non-profitable organization is not free of charge. Like every other things it also has a price but the difference is that the price is not borne by the Australian people who is going to be benefitted from this service. The price or cost of organizing a campaign varies in many directions like cost incurred in advertisement, venue cost, cost incurred on the day of campaigns and few other such costs The organization is going to raise funds, which is going to cover up their costs. In addition, Beyond Blue is going to request the Australian Federal to provide them with the necessary grants. Place: Place is an important factor in any marketing strategy. If the product is not placed strategically then it cannot catch peoples attention. In this case, Blue Beyond should start their campaigns in densely populated cities of Australia. They are going to held open-air campaigns and street plays too attract youths and convey them the social message. In addition, the campaign is going to be held in different university campuses and during the social gatherings in any high schools and university programs. Promotion: There is a subtle need for advertisement about the campaigning. In todays world advertisement through social media is the best way to reach out to mass people. The targeted market of youths always remains active in different networking sites and henceforth they can be made aware of this campaign through it. In addition to it, the different other types of media can be engaged to promote the social cause. Advertisement through print media, television media can be utilized optimally to reach out to targeted audience as well as to the whole society (Stephen et al., 2017). The news can also be spread to the people by putting up a electronic board carrying the message which would be set up beside different major traffic signals. Catchy message: A short message along with jingles can help to spread awareness and promote the campaign that is going to be held by Beyond Blues. The message that they want to spread is: Alive Today, Alive Tomorrow Evaluation of the effectiveness of message: In order to understand the success of any marketing strategy, the organization implementing it must go through post implementation evaluation program (Scott-Parker Oviedo-Trespalacios, 2017). In this case, the NGO is going to evaluate the effectiveness of their advertisement after two months of its first publication of the advertisement. The NGO is going to check out the accident statistics from the localitys cops and from the local government. A significant reduction in the number of drunk driving cases is going to imply that the message has impact on the society (Macy et al., 2016). Conclusion: The report can be summarized by stating that there has been a increasing trend in the accidents caused due to drunk driving and texting while driving. Social marketing of the chosen organization and the campaign that they plan to launch may be helpful in reducing this mishap. Beyond Blue is going to focus on the youths through their different strategies. They are going to spread awareness, help in reducing life loss and help the youths to maintain a healthy relationship between their family life and social life. References: Armstrong, K. A., Watling, H., Watson, A., Davey, J. (2014). Profile of women detected drink driving via Roadside Breath Testing (RBT) in Queensland, Australia, between 2000 and 2011.Accident Analysis Prevention,67, 67-74. beyondblue. (2017). Beyondblue.org.au. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://www.beyondblue.org.au/ Chambers, G. (2016). Mums car hits baby in pram. Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/baby-dies-after-car-driven-by-mother-hits-pram-in-woodridge/news-story/4958aa4e05f005ca46e7a688000ae232 Data (AIHW). (2017). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/data/ Dibb, S. (2014). Up, up and away: Social marketing breaks free.Journal of Marketing Management,30(11-12), 1159-1185. Drink driving statistics - TAC - Transport Accident Commission. (2017). Tac.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://www.tac.vic.gov.au/road-safety/statistics/summaries/drink-driving-statistics Effective drink driving prevention and enforcement strategies: Approaches to improving practice. (2017). Aic.gov.au. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/461-480/tandi472.html French, J., Gordon, R. (2015).Strategic social marketing. Sage. Inoue, Y., Kent, A. (2014). A conceptual framework for understanding the effects of corporate social marketing on consumer behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,121(4), 621-633. Khezhie, P., Srivastava, A. (2016). Mobile Phone Addiction among College Students.Int. J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research,4. Klauer, S. G., Guo, F., Simons-Morton, B. G., Ouimet, M. C., Lee, S. E., Dingus, T. A. (2014). Distracted driving and risk of road crashes among novice and experienced drivers.New England journal of medicine,370(1), 54-59. Livingston, M., Jiang, H. (2013, August). Alcohol consumption and traffic and non-traffic accidents in Australia, 1924-2006. InInternational Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (T2013), 20th, 2013, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Macy, M. L., Carter, P. M., Bingham, C. R., Cunningham, R. M., Freed, G. L. (2014). Potential distractions and unsafe driving behaviors among drivers of 1-to 12-year-old children.Academic pediatrics,14(3), 279-286. Olding, R. Levy, M. (2016). Family mourn uni student Nicole Lewanski, killed in Wolli Creek crash. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 January 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/family-mourn-uni-student-nicole-lewanski-killed-in-wolli-creek-crash-20161214-gtbjj3.html Scott-Parker, B., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2017). Young driver risky behaviour and predictors of crash risk in Australia, New Zealand and Colombia: same but different?.Accident Analysis Prevention,99, 30-38. Stephens, A. N., Bishop, C. A., Liu, S., Fitzharris, M. (2017). Alcohol consumption patterns and attitudes toward drink-drive behaviours and road safety enforcement strategies.Accident Analysis Prevention,98, 241-251. Vaucher, P., Michiels, W., Lambert, S. J., Favre, N., Perez, B., Baertschi, A., ... Gache, P. (2016). Benefits of short educational programmes in preventing drink-driving recidivism: A ten-year follow-up randomised controlled trial.International Journal of Drug Policy,32, 70-76. World Health Organization. Violence, Injury Prevention, World Health Organization. (2013).Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action. World Health Organization.

5 Key Elements Every Great Product Description Should Have

Do your product descriptions engage and effortlessly persuade consumers to click the â€Å"Add to Cart† button? Or do they simply describe features and read like a dictionary? Compelling product copy can have a huge impact on your success. But if you’re not sure how to take your product copy from ho-hum to awesome, here are a few essential elements. 1. An emotional connection When we buy something, we’re usually not just purchasing a product or service. We’re often buying an emotion as well whether it’s excitement, security, a sense of status or acceptance. Your product descriptions should tap into this and evoke the positive emotions that your product produces. Tea retailer Teavana masters this technique in their product copy. Take a look at this example: Pamper yourself with the warm, sweet taste of caramelized sugar as it mingles with comforting, traditional Indian spices in this rich and luxe rooibos tea. â€Å"Pamper yourself.† â€Å"Comforting.† â€Å"Rich and luxe.† This cup of tea isn’t just your morning caffeine fix. It’s a way to reward yourself. It’s a pick-me-up when you’re feeling blue. It’s a whole sensory experience. 2. Persuasive language Not all words are created equal. Certain words have more power to motivate action than others. Studies have identified the following words as the most persuasive in the English language: Suddenly Now Remarkable Introducing Quick Sprinkling a few of these potent words into your copy can help boost the power of your product descriptions – just don’t cram in too many. 3. A focus on benefits The connection between features and benefits isn’t always clear. A good product description doesn’t just tell consumers what a product can do, it explains how that product can solve their pain points or make their lives better. Outdoor gear maker Anorak succeeds with this strategy in their description of a standard sleeping bag: Anorak identified two common pain points involving sleeping bags: stiff materials and restrictive size. They go on to explain how their product solves both of those frustrating problems. 4. Mobile-friendly text Your website might be optimized for mobile, but is the text used in your product descriptions easy to read on a phone or tablet? Mobile users are often turned off by lengthy blocks of text so focus on more succinct copy and use bullet points or numbered lists to make your text easy to scan. 5. SEO keywords When you have a deep understanding of your buyer persona, it’s easy to optimize your product descriptions for search engines. You’ll likely already know the keywords and phrases your buyers would search for to incorporate into your product copy. You can also try using a keyword phrase in your headline or subheading. Just don’t go overboard – too many keywords will leave your product descriptions sounding stilted and inauthentic instead of seductive. Creating Product Descriptions That Sell The goal of product descriptions is simple: to sell products. Writing irresistible product copy doesn’t have to be that difficult, especially when you know which key elements to include. When you’re able to share your knowledge about your products and let your passion shine through, you’ll be able to craft the kind of descriptions that get real results.

Change Management in Nokia Company

Change Management in Nokia Company Company background Nokia Corporation is an international communication firm whose headquarters are situated in Espoo. The company is popular for manufacturing mobile phones. In addition, the company manufactures other consumer products like mobile networks, set-top boxes, and apparatus for broadband internet.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Change Management in Nokia Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, Nokia Corporation supplies the motor industry with car speakers (Kautto 2009). Currently, the company dominates the mobile phone market with a market share of over 38.6 percent. In 2010, Nokia’s financial income was $2.6 billions. Engineer Fredrik Idestam established the company in 1965. During this period, the company dealt with paper products, which it exported to Great Britain and Russia. In early 20th century, the company concentrated on manufacture of wheelchair frames and rubber boots. Even today, some brands of bicycle tires bear the company’s name. The modern Nokia Company was established in 1967. The management brought the former paper mill section and the rubber works together to establish a technological company. In 1981, a mobile network was launched in Scandinavian, prompting Nokia Corporation to manufacture its first car phones. In 1987, the company manufactured its first mobile phone. At the same time, Nokia Corporation helped Finland, Germany, China, Poland, Italy, and Mexico to repair network for their entertainment industries (Ropponen 2008). In 2010, Stephen Elop joined the company’s management team. Nokia Corporation merged with Siemens to form one of the biggest telecommunication networks dubbed Nokia Siemens Networks. Currently, Nokia Corporation is among the companies that manufacture quality smart phones globally. The company continues coming up with novel inventions in line with the emerging technologies.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors influencing organizational change In 2004, Nokia Company started restructuring its operations as a way to satisfy customer aspirations. The company came up with a program dubbed â€Å"the Nokia Booster program†, which aimed at bringing together online customers and the company’s strategic development (Schienstock 2004). A number of factors contributed to the restructuring process. Among them include desire to, attain global coverage, embrace employee empowerment, promote co-creation, and support the community. One of the key factors that prompted Nokia Corporation to come up with the Nokia Booster program was the pressure to exploit the global market. The company was in need for establishing a single access point through which it could communicate with all its target consumers, and employees worldwide. Prior to the program, the comp any relied on a communication structure where information was conveyed from the top management, down to the employees through a number of senior staff (Schienstock 2004). Such a communication structure was slow. Consequently, the company required a communication structure that could keep pace with the contemporary marketplace. To enhance its performance, Nokia Corporation required having a platform through which it could share its agendas with employees. Previously, employees made limited contribution to organizational policies (Krell 2000). To make sure that employees backed the company’s agendas, Nokia Corporation had to come up with mechanisms that would captivate the employees. The company learnt that employees could be active if allowed to manage debates that fascinated them.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Change Management in Nokia Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve this, the comp any assigned different employees to different agendas and requested them to share the agenda with the public. This helped the company to gather information from the public, therefore, aligning its operations with customer needs. The program helped the company to reach its target customers in remote areas where it was hard for employees to reach (Nonaka Teece 2001). Through the program, customers shared their views about the company and changes they wish the company to make, thus, spurring employee creativity. Indeed, the program led to numerous innovations in the company. Management team in Nokia Corporation maintained that, for the company to perform, it required exploiting the vast experience and knowledge; its employees possessed. Nevertheless, it could hardly achieve this without fostering cooperation between the employees. Senior managers came up with ideas concerning the innovations they would like to introduce into the company (Masalin 2003). The company then disseminated th e ideas to employees and customers through the Nokia Booster program. The program helped the company to establish a platform by which it could get opinions from all the stakeholders, therefore, coming up with products that meet all the desired specifications. Besides, the company needed to be sure that its employees are aware of the value of the projects the company initiates. Nokia Corporation could achieve this by involving the employees in formulation and implementation of the projects (Masalin 2003). The Nokia Booster program acted as an avenue through which the company fostered cooperation between employees in different departments.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a span of six months, the company had started witnessing inventions as employees seek to enhance organizational operations. In addition, employees shared ideas on changes they considered unfeasible, thus, helping the company pursue feasible goals only (Masalin 2003). How organizational change unfolded In 2004, Nokia Corporation made it public that it intended to begin organizational change, which aimed at helping the company meet changing consumer needs. The company reduced the number of its business units to four. It implemented the entire change within one week. To implement the change, the company required a hundred employees taking new jobs. All the other employees retained their original jobs. Nokia Corporation reconstructed its initial modular teams (Ropponen 2008). The company established a common platform through which all employees shared their ideas to help the company to address customer ambitions. Ropponen posits, â€Å"The genesis of the Booster Programme, launched in late 2008, could be traced to the wide involvement of the strategy-planning process and to the flexibility and project orientation of the modular structure† (2008, p. 163). The program started with a design team led by Ian Gee and Maximilian Kammerer. The design team argued that the traditional system of communication made it hard for the company to achieve its goals. Hence, the company required a platform that would help it involve all its stakeholders in pursuing organizational goals. The design team resolved to organize a workshop â€Å"with team leaders followed by the much broader involvement of the whole community through an online social network community† (Masalin 2003, p. 69). The corporation organized for workshops in different cities across the globe. At least a hundred change leaders participated in every workshop. After the workshops, participants went back to their organizations, where they recruited employees into the adopted change processes. Online c ommunity took the centre stage in steering the changes. This mishmash of traditional communication mechanisms and novel forms of relations established an upsurge of fervor (Masalin 2003). The Booster led to open discourse between frontline workers, community members, and managers about challenges affecting the company. The online community furnished employees with information concerning potential changes that could benefit the company, therefore, helping them initiate innovations. Reference List Kautto, P 2009, ‘Nokia as an environmental policy actor: Evolution of collaborative corporate political activity in a multinational company’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 47 no. 1, pp. 103-125. Krell, T 2000, ‘Organizational longevity and technological change’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 8 – 14. Masalin, L 2003, ‘Nokia leads change through continuous learning’, Academy of Management Learning Educati on, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 68-72. Nonaka, I Teece, D 2001, Managing Industrial Knowledge: Creation, Transfer and Utilization, SAGE Publications Ltd, London. Ropponen, T 2008, ‘The Nokia story of using action learning’, Action Learning: Research and Practice, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 161-165. Schienstock, G 2004, Embracing the knowledge economy: the dynamic transformation of the Finnish Innovation System, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton.

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory Assignment

Ancient and Medieval Political Theory - Assignment Example Aquinas in the theory hypothesized the concept of nature to help society members understand that there is a supernatural being beyond this earth. Aquinas further argues that the world is merely a resting bay after which humans move to another life. This concept outstands in the Thebes society when various characters keep invoking the punishment sinners will receive from gods after death. Creon’s wife, Eurydice commits suicide cursing the husband and expressing her wish for god’s punishment upon the death of the husband. The blind prophet Tiresias brings the supernatural concept by claiming prophesies of god’s desires and anger to the king. The concepts solve the conflict between the church and the human freedom to think. It shows that the actions of the worldly authority must reconcile with the wishes of the church for harmonious coexistence. The concept of sovereignty is the source of law. Based on political ideologies and tenets, sovereignty rests with the people’s power. Based on theological points of view, however, sovereignty originates from God. It, therefore, gives individuals the freedom to make decisions without autocracy from rulers and the church. The concept of supremacy of the church also creates harmony between the church and the government. Creon, the dictator who does not obey the will of his people, chorus later comes to lament when his son Haemon and wife commits suicide for his actions. Disobedience of sovereignty attracts heavy punishment from God irrespective of who you are in the

IT Project Management Approaches Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT Project Management Approaches - Coursework Example It narrows down from the above two and looks at some of the specific applications in the information Technology field by looking at the Software development life cycle approach that is part of the traditional approach. It goes further in the agile approach to look at specific applications of the approach to the field of information technology. The paper also compares the two approaches by looking at their strengths and weaknesses and the type of projects to which they can be used/ applied and why they will or will not work. 1. The traditional/phased approach to project management The traditional approach to project management involves very well-organized and deliberate planning and control methods. In this approach there are distinct project life cycle stages or phases which are easily recognizable as one leads directly to another. Tasks are completed in in an orderly sequence, one after the other and this necessitates that a significant part of the entire project is planned before t he process begins (Hass, 2007,pp1-8). This model assumes that all events affecting the entire project are predictable and that the tools and the tasks undertaken by each individual are well understood. With this approach it assumes that once a phase is complete it will not be revisited, which is not the case for many projects especially IT projects. This model is forms the basis for the phased methodology used in many projects. The approach has taken many dimensions especially in the field of information technology with various sub models coming up from this traditional/phased model (Hass, 2007,pp1-8). The advantage of this approach is that it sets out the phases for development and stresses the importance of requirements for each stage. On the other hand the limitation is that projects rarely follow the sequential flow and many stakeholders find it difficult to define all the requirements for a project at the beginning(Hass, 2007,pp1-8). The approach has the following distinct stag es: initiation, planning and design, execution and construction, monitoring and controlling systems and finally the completion stage. It is important to note that not all projects will go through all the stages mentioned above some may be terminated before they get to the completion stage. 1.1. The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) In information technology projects, this phased approach can be compared to the software development life cycle approach (SDLC). This approach is composed of the following distinct stages that must be followed to come up with working software: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing and finally installation and acceptance (Radack, 2009, pp1-7). The planning stage aims at establishing a bird’s eye view of the proposed software product and uses this to form the basic project organization, assess feasibility and risks associated with the project and define suitable management and technical approaches. The m ost critical part concerning this stage is the listing of goals of the project and this is done before anything else (Radack, 2009, pp1-7). The requirement definition stage begins immediately the goals in the planning stage are identified. Each of these goals is then refined into a set of requirements which define the major functions of the proposed application and also define the initial data entities.

Rhetorical Analysis on Ads in Magazines Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis on Ads in Magazines Essay Magazines are gaining in popularity nowadays as a tool not only to provide information, but also to advertise ads on products that are available on the market. Since magazines gain readers with different kinds of interest, what are the rhetorical strategies used by advertisers to market similar products to different target audiences of similar culture? Capturing the target audiences’ attention requires understanding about the audiences which open new avenues for many strategies to be used by advertisers to advertise an ad in order to make sure that the ad can actually capture the target audience. To describe or analyze the strategies used by advertisers, a variety of analytical tools, such as determining who the target audience is, describing the details in the ad, studying the Aristotelian appeals used by the advertisers, and also the angle of vision involved in the ad are needed to examine these strategies. Describing the details on an ad could be a good starting point to begin the analysis. Kraft ad for its Macaroni Cheese in Oct 2009 issue of Good Housekeeping magazine shows a girl standing on her right feet, with a smile carved on her face and an umbrella in her left hand. Beyond her are two boxes of macaroni and cheese of the same size, one of Store Brand and another one of Kraft, sitting right next to each other with the Kraft’s splashing a massive amount of cheese out of the box. What appears right above the bottom line, with all letters capitalized, is â€Å"KRAFT HAS MORE CHEESE THAN THOSE OTHER GUYS. SO GO FOR THE CHEESIEST† and with a bigger font right above it, is â€Å"THE MAC WITH MORE CHEESE†. Emphasis is on the color of the Kraft macaroni, the splashes of cheese, the girl’s boots, and the umbrella, as they stunningly boast the same magnificent orange color, unlike the one that is being used on the macaroni of the Store Brand. Sunchips came up with an ad in May 2010 issue of Women’s Health magazine on page 109. The focus in the ad is on a lady with a black hair and brown skin smiling as she is about to make her bite on a chip that she is holding. Right above her head is a sentence saying â€Å"THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO HELP THE PLANET. HARVEST CHEDDAR IS ONE†. Few steps beyond the lady, happily playing with the fresh water of in the river, are two kids. There is even rock face by the river’s edge with 4 people on it watching the kids. Nothing can beat the feel of having river water flows through our fingers and touches our body as we immerse ourselves in the water. It is amazing of how the water never stops flowing, not even a single second. SUNCHIPS claims that such beauty of nature can be sustain with the use of its plant-made bags that is compostable. Happiness is possible as we can enjoy every single bite of the chips and at the same time, taking care of the nature. Such joy can be seen on the face of the lady that is about to make her bite. Determining who the target audience is should be the next step after describing the details in the ad. Kraft appeared in the Good Housekeeping magazine, targeting middle class and a wide range of age of married women that care about the health of the their family, interested in learning home cooking for the family and care about environment. An article on â€Å"Cook like a Chef† provided some interesting food for the family and how to make it. This article is targeting married women in the middle class who would like to learn how to cook some interesting meal that is affordable for the family. Dixie Ultra came up with an ad showing a picture of a family happily having breakfast by using their paper plates. This ad targets on those who care about the environment. Fresh Step came up with an ad for its product, which is a healthy food for cats. This ad is clearly targeting those who care about the health for the family by promoting a healthy product for pets in the family. It is clear that based on the evidences found in the magazine, the advertiser for the ad for Kraft is basically targeting a wife and a mother that puts family above all else. The ad for Sunchips appeared in Women’s Health magazine, which targets middle-aged up to old women with middle-class income that care about staying in a healthy lifestyle as a consumer. â€Å"Run Less / Lose More†, an article in the magazine provided the information on how do women, ranges from middle-age up to old, lose fat in order to obtain a healthy and nice looking body. Another article that showed the reason for this type of target audience is â€Å"Lose your Fear of Lifting†, which gave some encouragement to women to get a perfect bodyline. The magazine came up with an ad, â€Å"Metabolic Max Program† by Jenny Craig that showed the target audience is those in pursuit of healthy lifestyle and at the same time concern about how much they will have to spend on such program. Another ad showed a lineup of affordable branded cosmetics products for the women. This ad is targeting middle class women that care about their beauty appearances. Different from the ad for Kraft, the advertiser for Sunchips’ ad targets any women, whether married or not, that put physical appearance and health as the top priorities in their life. Now that the details in the ads and the target audience have been figured out, making way for rhetorical analysis for both ads is needed to show how the strategies used by the advertisers to connect the details in the ads with the target audience and how do they give impacts to the audience. In order to attract the targeted audience, Kraft uses a strategy called pathos, one of the Aristotelian appeals, on its ad. The use of orange color in high contrast tends to attract the targeted audience as it can show the amount and quality of cheese that is being used to make the product. Cheese is well known for its delicious taste and good for the health, so this detail will surely attract the target audience, as they would want to choose a delicious and healthy food for the family. A picture of a girl standing on one leg with joy also brings the same strategy. The emotion that is being expressed by the girl tends to catch the targeted audience’s attention because they would definitely want to see their children having the same emotion. These two strategies tend to be related to pathos because they are attracting the audience’s emotions and values. The same strategy, pathos, is being used by Sunchips in order to steal the targeted audience’s attention. Pathos can be seen through the use of a picture of a lady that is about to make her bite on the chips. Such pleasant smile showed by the lady can attract the audience by creating a desire of having the same smile among the audience. Besides pathos, logos is also being used in the ad too. The message in the ad, about what are the bags of the chips made off, gives a clear reason to the targeted audience. For the consumers that care about their health, they will definitely give attention to this message because it helps them maintain a clean environment. Living in a clean environment is another way of having a healthy lifestyle. In this ad, the strategy of delivering emotions to the targeted consumers shows pathos. Logos can be seen by the reasons showed in the ad for the targeted consumers. Another strategy for the rhetorical analysis is the angle of vision, which is the use of important details to be focused on and the omitting of other details that may distract the audiences’ attention, is being involved in the ad too. For Kraft ad, the advertisers focuses on the massive amount of cheese spilling out from the box that contains Kraft’s macaroni and cheese product. The reason why the advertisers did this is because that they wanted to show how large is the amount of cheese present in the product. The advertisers include a text that suggests the macaroni product of Kraft has more cheese and a picture of a girl that is happily standing on one leg, for the audiences to focus on. The angle of vision presents in these details attracts the target audience by showing the quantity of the cheese and how appetizing the Kraft’s macaroni and cheese is. These would probably be the things that the target audience would want to focus on when it comes to choosing f ood that their kids will enjoy. However, there is a scientific detail that the advertisers try to omit from the audiences which is the ingredients used to make the product. Since the target audience wants healthy food for their families, this detail is being omitted because without doing so, the ingredients will show how unhealthy the food is. The advertisers for Sunchips ad focus on the image of a lady that is smiling while holding a chip on her hand and the use of the beautiful scene of a riverbank beyond the lady. Such beautiful smile of the lady and how wonderful is the environment shown in the ad are as if that the secrets lie behind the chips. This would attract the target audience as they would want to see such beauty in themselves. The same detail as in the Kraft ad, which is the nutritional information, is being omitted from the audiences because of not healthy. This is done because the advertisers know that the targeted audiences care about health in their life. The rhetorical strategies used by advertisers to advertise an ad are simply not just strategies. They are a step-by-step method to deliver the message in the ad to the target audiences; from determining whom the target audiences for the ad are, to how to give an impact to those audiences by using Aristotelian appeals and angle of vision in the ad to so that the target audiences could get a clear picture on what is being delivered by the ad. Analyzing the strategies used to deliver what the advertisers wanted to through the ad could actually open up new avenues on how to communicate with the audiences through an ad by just connecting the details available in the ad. In fact, it is not only helpful to gain audiences for an ad, but also to gain readers for our writing work. Works Cited Sunchips. Advertisement. Womens Health May 2010: 109. Print. Kraft Macaroni and Cheese. Advertisement. Good Housekeeping Oct. 2009: 108. Print.

Accomplish Victory Essay examples -- Economy, Economic Downturn, Reces

What is a recession? A recession is declared once the GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters or more, a few quarters before is actually the start of an economic downturn. GDP is defined as gross domestic product and that basically means the total value of goods the United States has produced, for the year. The first few signs of a recession are negative growth followed by a miniature positive growth. Because American citizens don’t have the money to spend they don’t spend and the consumer spending aspect of the economy takes a drastic downfall. Unemployment rates also have play in determining a recession (22). Proper money management and finances could bring an economy out of a recession. There are major flaws in the way we live that people are doing nothing to fix. Most people are in debt, in late 2005 â€Å"wage growth was shortchanged because 46 percent of the growth of total income in the corporate sector was distributed as corporate profits, far more than 20 percent in previous periods.†(24) Household income had fallen five years in a row and was 4 percent lower. The average wages of Americans are low. The growth of the American population is expanding very rapidly; the job count compared to population growth is almost unrealistic. Only one point nine percent more jobs have come up since the beginning of the last recession. The unemployment rate is four point six percent That means that a lot of people do not have jobs; the percent of people that have a job was one point three percent, So that means that more people are not working than people with a job. (24) Poverty was sky rocketing in two thousand; the rate was eleven point three percent and rose in four years to twelve point seven percent; that is approximat... ...spend then how is making goods and services more expensive going to help? Obama is a very good man with what I believe to be good intentions. But his money managing skills could use a lot of work. I do not see what does not make sense to him if the United States is in debt then does he continually spend money on things that we do not need such as, visiting other countries, flying first class on Air Force One. Instead of trying to make peace treaties with other countries we need to increase education in schools and supply them with the money and resources that they need to educate children and make them able to run a country. Children are our future and if we don’t do a good job at making the future the best it can be then will end up in the same spot we are in today. This should turn this country’s finances around and soon enough we will be living in prosperity.

Argumentative Essay World Civ

Argumentative Essay on Olaudah Equiano Upon doing further research, Olaudah Equiano was absolutely born in Africa! He was kidnapped and sold into slavery when he was just a young boy. His vivid accounts, as he was sold from trader to trader, are so moving and heartfelt. No one could express such deep sympathy for the multitude of other black slaves had he not been there during the experience. The following few paragraphs will explain just how he came to be sold into slavery and some of the things that he saw while he was being traded and shipped from place to place.Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in what is now eastern Nigeria. Life in his village was typical of the times. Families worked together to cultivate corn, cotton, yams, and beans. Men herded cattle and goats. Women spun and wove cotton. Equiano’s father was a distinguished clan elder and judge in the community. It was a position that Equiano was in line to inherit one day. That never happened. Equiano, when a boy, w as kidnapped and sold into slavery. Sold from trader to trader, he did not meet Europeans until he reached the coast.Years later, he described his impressions: â€Å"The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship which was then riding at anchor and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I were sound by some of the crew, and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits and that they were going to kill me. Looking about him, Equiano saw â€Å"a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow. † Overwhelmed, he fainted. Fellow Africans revived him and tried to comfort him. Equiano says: â€Å"I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men. † Equiano was shipped to Barbados, the n to Virginia, and later to England. Purchased by a ship’s captain, he traveled widely. He learned to read and write, eventually bought his freedom, and played a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery in Britain.In 1789 he published the story of his life, one of the few accounts (and possibly the best) written about the slave trade by an African victim of it. Millions of other Africans were not so fortunate. Torn from their homes and families, they were shipped across the Atlantic in conditions of great cruelty. They, along with the children they bore, were bought and sold like cattle and forced to toil without pay to increase the wealth of strangers. Most had no rights and could be punished, abused, or even killed at the whim of their owners. For most of those oppressed, the only deliverance from slavery was death.

Python A Popular Computer Program - 817 Words

Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate systems more effectively. (Python. The Python) Python is a popular computer program. It can be used for work, school sources, or just for enjoyment. The program has been and is still being used in some popular internet sources and even film. Here is some information about computer programs and programmers in general. A compiled language is when you enter code, and the program changes it into machine-specific instructions. An interpreted language code stays the same as the format entered, but is slower because it is interpreted and not converted to make more sense to the computer. Python uses interpreted code, which is one of the reasons it is so easy to use, but also causes it to be somewhat slower. As a job, programmers can earn $22.7K to 65.2K per year. System programmers write and test specialized computer software called operating systems (Wallner). Operating systems (OS) manages computer data and provides common services for computer programs. They also debug, identify why the program is working unreliably, and discuss errors. Professionals need to understand statistics and other higher level math. They need to know technical terms and what different computer symbols mean. Two important parts of a computer are the software and hard drive, but they aren’t the same thing. Software is what a computer can do and what it can run, such as Microsoft Word and even web browsers are software.. The hardShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting The Choice Of Programming Language Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pagesprogramin. If an amployee gets handed a task with a strict deadline. It it ismportant that the employee uses a reliable program so it doesnt crash. It is important to use a reliable programming software. 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I will also be going over the specifications for what is uses to create a video game and explain the programs and the codes that should be used for it. Explain IT system roles for a specific industry role A Computer games developer creates, develops and codes computer games. There are a lot of different kind ofRead MoreProject With Data And Network Protective Solutions2266 Words   |  10 Pagesknows each other in the office, so that makes the work environment really nice and friendly. In addition, there’s a meeting every week, so everybody is updated with what each person is working on. This is my first work experience related to my Computer Engineering major, so there are a lot of topics didn’t know at all. That’s why my first couple of weeks can be summarized in training. The first lessons were about basic networking, including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. That way,Read MoreQuestions On Object Oriented Programming Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesobjects and data other than logic and actions. This would mean that the program takes a logical approach to programming instead of an action/reaction approach. The point of OOP is to manipulate the objects such as building, widgets, names, etc. and not have to manipulate the logic required to manipulate the objects. Now there are many OOP languages that can be used, but for this case we will be comparing C++ and Ruby, two very popular languages for OOP. We will discuss on what each language is and theirRead MoreLanguage Programming Languages Based On The File Handling Features1815 Words   |à ‚  8 Pageson the File Handling features. The programming languages which are discussed in this paper are from different paradigm which includes imperative (Python), object-oriented (Java), functional (Lisp) and logical (Prolog). This paper discusses about a common feature called Boolean expressions used in different programming languages example: Java, Python, Prolog, Lisp. The paper does this by considering some basic concepts like Syntax, Semantics, Readability, writability, reliability, its Implementation

Quest For Family Essay - 906 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Quest for Family nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 1950’s were a decade of growth and expansion. Growth of the middle class, expansion of religion and a growing economy kept Americans on the move- literally. Families were moving from the cities and into the suburbs. â€Å"This massive shift in population from the central city was accompanied by a baby boom that started during World War II. Young married couples began to have three, four, or even five children (compared with only one or two children in American families during the 1930’s) (The American Story, pg. 729). This style of living began making the immediate†¦show more content†¦732). With all of this materialistic, religious and economic growth, the American Identity seemed to look like it was cut out of a cookie cutter- everyone seemed to be conforming to the same ideal- but that about those who did not have that â€Å"cookie cutter† life? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jack Kerouac was one of these people who were not living the typical American life. He and others like him were labeled as the â€Å"beats† because they â€Å"walked to the beat of a different drum† in comparison to the ideal. His book On the Road was the beginning of what is known now as the beat movement, telling of his adventures of traveling across America for seven years. What was he searching for on this journey and why? I am going to argue that Kerouac was searching for a family and that his search was fueled by the 50’s mindset. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"I first met Dean not long after my wife and I split up.† This was the first sentence of Kerouac’s story and it definitely sets the stage for the first thing he is searching for: family. Kerouac’s â€Å"fictional† character â€Å"Sal Paradise† ( I say â€Å"fictional† because really Sal is Kerouac- he reveals his thoughts and feelings through this character) is immediately intrigued with Dean, and Sal is searching for companionship in Dean. Unfortunately, when Dean met Carlo Marx,Show MoreRelatedCoraline1398 Words   |  6 Pagesis a quest structure that the protagonist follows through. The typical quest structure is as followed: an ideal happiness, disruption of the ideal happiness, tasks to reinstate happiness, and finally the reinstating of happiness. The cycle is never broken. In Neil Gaiman’s Coraline, this quest structure is abandoned. Unlike the typical quest structure, the protagonist, Coraline, u ndergoes a coming of age quest in which the quest structure deviates from the typical structure. Coraline’s quest signifiesRead Moreothello Essay956 Words   |  4 Pages The Theme of Quest Explored in â€Å"Araby† and Atonement In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby and Ian McEwan’s Atonement both authors express that that the characters mature and grow through quests. In Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† the boy goes on a quest to the bazaar to meet Managan’s sisters whom he is very interested in. However, because he is a young boy and does not leave his much, and has no source of income there are limitations on his freedom, which ultimately affect his quest. In McEwan’s Atonement Briony goesRead MoreThe Development of the Character of Bilbo Baggins1605 Words   |  7 Pagesprior to the quest, during the quest, and after the quest. Prior to the quest, Bilbo Baggins was a conservative, respectable and stubborn hobbit who lead a rich and comfortable life (Stephanie web). These characteristics, as well as safety and a dull existence, are typical of the Baggins Family. Bilbos father, Bungo Baggins, came from an unadventurous family that was, apart from their wealth, similar to most families in the Shire. Bilbos mother, Belladona Took, came from a family that was veryRead MoreA Hero of the Ages Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesGelfling, is a hero from the movie The Dark Crystal. Jens story is one of prophecy, the never ending fight between good and evil, and love. This composition shall trace Jens quest as well as evaluate his success in that quest, his individual self, and finally he shall be compared to one of the Greek heroes. Jens quest can be classified as restoring the good kingdom. During a time of great change in the universe, there was a single dark crystal which held the source of balance and truth. Read MoreCry, The Beloved Country1145 Words   |  5 PagesCry, the Beloved Country as a Quest Novel Human nature compels everyone to quest after things they have lost. In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country Stephen Kumalo goes out in search of his family when his tribe is being torn apart by family members leaving and never coming back. He leaves Ndotsheni in search for his sister and his son, prompted by a letter from Reverend Msimangu in Johannesburg. Upon arrival in the great city, Kumalo meets Msimangu who leads him to to Gertrude. Kumalo reconcilesRead MoreMy Personal Statement On Friendship1053 Words   |  5 Pageshas changed dramatically, starting in fourth grade when I was accepted into Quest, the advanced program in my school district. In fourth and fifth grade I made friends with a majority of the other kids in Quest. We were all quite close. We hung out all the time. At recess the entire class played capture the flag together, apart from the rest of the classes in our school. We always stuck up for each other. We were like a family. The changes and continuiti es with my relationships have sculpted my outlookRead MoreGrapes of Wrath Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesGrapes of Wrath, many concepts appear that were noted in How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Thomas C. Foster. However, the three chapters of Foster’s how-to guide that most apply to Steinbeck’s novel were â€Å"It’s All About Sex†¦,† â€Å"Every Trip is a Quest (Except When It’s Not),† and â€Å"It’s More Than Just Rain or Snow.† On more than one occasion these concepts are hidden within the book, and two of them actually seem somewhat linked together. After reading between the lines, The Grapes of Wrath has anRead MoreMy Personal Statement On Friendship1053 Words   |  5 Pageshas changed dramatically, starting in fourth grade when I was accepted into Quest, the advanced program in my school district. In fourth and fifth grade I made friends with a majority of the other kids in Quest. We were all quite close . We hung out all the time. At recess the entire class played capture the flag together, apart from the rest of the classes in our school. We always stuck up for each other. We were like a family. The changes and continuities with my relationships have sculpted my outlookRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Knowledge And Scientific Discovery1223 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein, the Creature and Robert Walton. This pursuit of knowledge drives the plot of the novel, leading Victor to create the Creature in his attempt to break down the mortal barriers that surround him and unlock the secret of life. Robert Walton’s quest for discovery leads him to the North Pole, far beyond the reach of Humans at that time. Ultimately Victor’s thirst for knowledge and scientific discovery did him more harm than good with Victor’s hatred of his creation driving him to death. Frankenstein’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Lord Of The Flies913 Words   |  4 Pagesviews the character . The guardian in the story is the character that tries to get the hero to abandon the quest. The character shows up at any part of the quest and blocks or prevents the hero from the next part of the story. Sometimes this could be seen as obstacles that make the quest harder to complete. The guardian or obstacle must be defeated in some way in order to move on with the quest. The shadow is the villain in the story. The shadow’s only purpose is to cause conflict or strife for the

The Battle Of World War II - 2060 Words

1. Two major causes of World War II included when Hitler and his Nazi party took over Germany politically in 1933, and Japanese militarism. 2. Originally, America tried to stay neutral in the war. However, on December 7th, 1941, Japan’s forces bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, forcing our country to take side. The next day, President Roosevelt declared war on Japan. 3. The term home front refers to the civilian part of a nation at war when its armed forces are abroad in combat. On the American home front, many things changed. The home front put together volunteer efforts and the government put together government-managed rationing and price controls. The labor market was no longer the same, either. The Hollywood film industry became America’s look-to for propaganda. Furthermore, many people joined active labor, including housewives. In addition, gasoline was rationed, so many people just did not drive, because the amount rationed was so little. Among gasoline, many other necessary things in people’s everyday lives were rationed, or the production of them was cut off. People shared housing because housing supply was very limited. (Information received from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II)4. In my opinion, the campus is very handsome and lofty, with great sprawling green lawns and marble ar chitecture, with neat and tidy buildings. The students seem just as manicured, with crisp white shirts and black jackets. From what I read inShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The World War II974 Words   |  4 PagesSecond World War, the families would experience â€Å"a constant dread of receiving a telegram announcing the injury, missing status or capture, or death of a husband, son or father. Why help to fight World War II when you know the pain that it endures on your family? In the middle of World War II in 1939, a photographer captured a commemorative picture of a soldier/father kissing his daughter goodbye before her dad leaves Britain. Not only does the photograph show the impacts that World War II had onRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1345 Words   |  6 Pages World War II, intensified tensions between two of the strongest countries in the 1940s, the United States of America and Japan. On December 7,1941, Japanese planes and submarines attacked the American Naval ba se at pearl harbor, one of America’s largest bases and the largest base in the Pacific Ocean.The attack caused serious damage to the base, taking out America’s strongest battleships, killing thousands of people, and destroying hundreds of planes. America officially enters World War II. TheRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe first time aircrafts are seen playing major roles in World War II Germany and Japan had begun to attack the nation. Germany and Japan began their initial attacks strong with air strikes, first attacking Holland, Denver, France, and England. When the British retaliated, they had cutting-edge fighters guided by radar. The Battle for Britain was one of the first battles fought solely in the air, keeping Germany from taking control of Britain’s airways. Japan also began its attack on the U.S viaRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II995 Words   |  4 PagesAlyssa Humphrey Humphrey, 1 April 21, 2015 2nd On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Hitler s Nazi Germany in retaliation. Humiliated and dissatisfied with their loss in World War I Germany wanted a powerful leader who could bring them to a strong victory. Invading the whole world meant there would be other countries stronger then they were. By this time, the Japanese had built a strong naval offense system known as the Combined Fleet commanded by IrorokuRead MoreThe Battle Of World War II1168 Words   |  5 Pages The Battles of World War II Normandy Invasion, D-Day In December 1943, the head of staff of the Allies picked American General Dwight D. Eisenhower as incomparable administrator for the Allies in Europe. English General, Sir Frederick Morgan, added to various arrangements for the Allies, most uncommon was Operation Overlord, a full-scale intrusion of France over the English Channel. This was the codename for the most mysterious summon in the war. The initial plan was to cross the English ChannelRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II2128 Words   |  9 PagesWorld War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945, is considered the largest armed conflict in human history. This war was fought over six different continents, in every ocean, and ultimately resulted in fifty million military and civilian deaths; including the six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. Within the course of the seven-year span of fighting in the war, two decisive battles changed the tide of the war in each theater: The D-Day landings and the Battle of Midway. The invasion of NormandyRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1315 Words   |  6 PagesSam Carter L9 To What Extent was the Battle of Stalingrad a More Important Turning Point in World War II than the Battle of Britain? The Battle of Stalingrad was fought from the September 1942 through to early February 1943, and took place after the Germans had reached the fringes of Leningrad and Moscow in operation Barbarossa. Hitler’s, and the German commander of the sixth army, General von Paulus’ main aim was to take and secure the oil fields of Caucasus in Russia. The oil from here wouldRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1156 Words   |  5 PagesWord War II was a time that caused many people to feel a lot of tension, anxiety and concern. While some wanted power, control, and wanted the notion of superiority. Others were left feeling unsafe, scared, and were worried of what the future would bring them. The uncertainly lead many to feed off the fear and the tension among people rose. No one was to be trusted. During the time of World War II the most important thing to have was power. Countries did not care how they would achieve it they simplyRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe global conflict known as World War 2 had been brutally raging on for over two years. American forces had managed to stay out of the war. However, when the Japanese bombed the naval base in Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, the Americans could no longer hold out. On December 7, 1941, the United States of America entered WWII (â€Å"Origins of the Normandy Landing†). Before the Americans entered the war, Winston Churchill and the Allies (Britain, Canada, France) were losing the war. Everything was against themRead MoreThe Battle Of The World War II1249 Words   |  5 Pageswere more than one hundred warships which included eight massive battleships. The US was suffering from the Great Depression, which made Americans think that they would stay out of World War II. As tensions grew between Japan and America, American sailors and airmen were training just in case the US were to join World War II. Americans had not realized that Japan and America were becoming enemies because the main enemy was Adolf Hitler; his goal was to conquer all the democracies of Europe. In 1940,

Factors of Soil Formation free essay sample

According to Arthur Holmes From a geological point of view soil may be defined as the surface layer of the mantle of rock-waste in which the physical and chemical processes of weathering co-operate in intimate association with biological proc ­esses (Principles of Physical Geology, Second Edition Completely Revised, the English Language Book Society Nelson). Arthur N. Strahler and Alan H. Strahler defines soil as a natural surface layer con ­taining living matter and supporting or capable of supporting plants. Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley Sons, Inc. , Newyork). Chester R. Longwell Richard F. Flint defines soil as-Soil is that part of the regolith that will support rooted plants. (Introduction to Physical Geology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, London). From the above definitions, it may be stated that- Soil is the surface layer of the earth restricted to land, consisting of a layer of broken-down, fine and loose rock material, produced by the weathering processes, mixed with decayed vegetation and other organic matter. Soil may be found on top of the parent rock or at some distance from it after transport and supports vegetation. The science which deals with the study of the soil is known as Pedology and the process of soil formation is called pedogenesis. The Soil Profile The pedologists have distinguished a number of layers or horizons within the soil. A vertical section made through a soil reveals a series of more or less distinct layers. These layers from the surface down to the unchanged parent material is called the soil-profile, which is character ­istic of the residual soil (i. . the soil developed on top of the parent rock), where there is a gradual transition from the top soils to the partially decayed rock and finally to the unaltered rock). But a transported soil does not show any such characteristic. A simple soil-profile shows three distinct layers designated as A, B and C- layer. The upper layer containing most of the organic material is called the A-layer or horizon, which is comm only known as the top- soil. This is the horizon of maximum biological activity. The layer below the A-horizon is the B-horizon, which is poor in organic content and rich in clay. This layer is regarded commonly as sub soil Mineral matter removed from the A-horizon through solution are precipitated in the B-horizon. High concentration of clay minerals in the B-horizon may be due to mechanical removal of colloidal clays in suspension by the descending soil water. Deposition of the ferro-humus material along with the silt and clay particles sometimes form a layer which is dense, tough and well cemented and is called a hard pan or clay pan. The C-horizon lies below the B-horizon. This horizon contains remnants of the parent material and is little affected by biologic activity. However, it is affected by physical and chemical processes. This horizon grades downward into the unaltered parent rock. Bedrock underlying the C-horizon is designated as R- horizon. Soil Formation The natural processes of soil formation are very slow; and are due to a combination of several factors such as 1. Parent rock material, 2. Cli ­mate, 3. Plant and animal life, 4. Local topography 5. Time etc. Most of these factors are interdependent. The processes of soil formation are most intimately associated with the weathering processes and the factors indicated above also determine the characteristics of the soil. 1. Parent rock material These are the bedrocks on which the soil develops. The processes of mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition which constitute weathering proceed side by side result ­ing in the breaking down of the bedrock into a mixture of soluble and insoluble materials. While the soluble matter is removed in water, the insoluble residue forms a framework for the development of soil. Since the parent material or the bedrock is composed entirely of materials, it provides the inorganic constituents to the soil. The mineralogical composition of the bed rock from which the soil is derived, determines the rate of physical and chemical weathering as well as the composition of the soil. As we know, rocks composed of resistant minerals are slowly affected by weathering processes. Texture and structure of the parent material also determine the rate of weathring and the degree of retention of plant nutrients in the soil. 2. Climate Climatic conditions control weathering to a great extent. Climate of any particular region comprises elements like temperature, moisture including both humidity and precipitation, wind, air pressure, evaporation, and transpiration. Rainfall, as we know, is primarily dependent on the moisture content in the air and it varies from place to place with respect to its intensity, total amount in its distribution throughout the year. Heavy rainfall causes downward movement of water and soluble materials in the soil and the process is known as leaching. Leaching produces two distinct zones as:- (i) Zone of eluviation (i. e. washed out) in the A-horizon and (ii) Zone of illuviation (i. e. washed in) in the B-horizon. Climate gives rise to different soil types from the same parent material and also widely different parent materials may produce similar soils in one climatic context. Apart from rainfall, temperature plays a significant role in the weathering process. Temperature and moisture not only affect the rate of chemical weathering but also of bacterial activity, on the parent rock material in the process of soil-formation. 3. Plant and Animal life Many pedologists believe that soil is a biological phenomenon and that the plants play the leading role in the process of soil formation. Plants promote disintegration of rocks by the growth of trees in cracks or joints, thus wedging off large and small fragments of rocks. Roots often penetrate into the crevices of rocks exert on expanding force on the side walls. The biochemical activity of plants includes the extraction of various mineral substances, water and the necessary elements of nutri ­tion on the one hand, and on their death and decomposition they contribute towards the accumulation of organic matter in the soil, on the other. Dead plants contribute to the humus content of the soil and the process of humification releases carbon dioxide and organic acids together with traces of ammonia and nitric acid etc. which often speed up the decomposition of the mineral matter and accelerates soil-formation. The microflora such as bacteria, algae and fungi contributes sig ­nificantly to soil formation. But the activities of both bacteria and fungi are related to climatic conditions. In cold climates bacterial activity is limited whereas it is very intense and rapid in warm, moist climates. Bacteria are also involved in the nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Even the bacteria sometimes cause the quicker decay of neighbouring rock sur ­faces. Burrowing animals are effective soil makers. They make the soil and softer rocks porous and spongy and thus make them more readily susceptible to weathering and erosion. It has been estimated that earthworms completely work over a soil layer of 6 to 12 iches thick every 50 years. They extract vegetable matter from the soil by eating their way through it. As the soil passes through their bodies, it is subjected to mechanical and chemical modification. 4. Local topography It affects the character of the soil profile. True soils with a full profile can develop only on fairly flat surfaces where erosion is slow; whereas on steep slopes the profile never becomes completely developed as erosion removes the products of weathering as soon as they form. On flat upland surfaces, a thick soil is formed, often with a layer of clay, but it is well leached as uplands also attract heavier rainfall. On fiat-bottom lands in the flood plains, there is dark coloured, thick soils, since the flat bottom lands are poorly drained. 5. Time The development of a matured soil profile requires time. Soils are less well-developed if the soil-forming processes have not been in op ­eration for an adequate time period for a fully developed soil-profile, in most places, it needs several thousands years.