Legislation & regulations Essay Example for Free

Legislation regulations EssayUntil the passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938, which for the first time enforce penalties for yields that contains dangerous or impure substances, the production and sale of cosmetics in the United States was then regulated. Grolier (2005220). Clear and accurate labeling of all ingredients was now required. The food and drug laws atomic number 18 administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), sometimes in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture.With regard to cosmetics, the laws hold the manufacturers responsible for selling products that atomic number 18 in form with the regulations. Manufacturers, however, are not required to register their companies, their products, or their product ingredients with the FDA. They need not report adverse reactions, if they occur among their customers. The FDA may investigate a product , but bears the responsibility for proving that a substance used in that product is harmful. Th e industry, however, has been largely self-policing in the recent years.Reputable manufacturers conduct their own product-safety tests. In this table, the functions of FDA are enumerated, although not limited only to these Source Passiment (200638) Prue (2007349) As part of the screening procedures and safety measures in adapting these products and selling cross-regions, the question on quality control judgment should never be compromised nor put into secondary importance. The degree of the quality measures will directly impact product performance, societal consumption, customer loyalty and market selection of the firm.Thus, the evaluating board should minimally possess the strictest procedures or methodologies of testing and evaluating these bio-products, as per the illustration or flowchart below Source Akoh (200439) Regulatory and Safety Conditions More than cosmetics, the governing body also oversees regulatory policies for any agents intended for use in the processing of foo ds or synthesis of compounds or ingredients for food use. According to the Food Chemical Codex, enzymes as listed must have a GRAS status or undergo the regulatory process of approval.However, the controversy over genetically modified organisms should be taken into consideration by molecular biotechnologists and applied biotechnologists as they design new lipases for new uses. These regulatory polices were established by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for substances that will be present in the diet at low levels. Neither the enzyme preparation nor the production organism has any health-related hazard, and both lack any oral perniciousness and genotoxicity.Imposing and implementing policies affecting human subjects are the main functions of the FDA. Being a federal regulatory agency that monitors the safety and effectiveness of food and beverages and even of health check devices. The FDA is broken down into centers Center for Devices and Radiological Health with its O ffice of In Vitro Diagnostics Device Evaluation Center for the Biological Evaluation and Research FDA smorgasbord are designated into several classes Class I, Class II or Class III, with Class I being the least regulation.Devices are classified by the risk of exposure of harming the user and design. The simpler the design, the higher the probability that it will be categorized as Class I. FDAs decisions can be very controversial for the industry and for the federation or the manufacturer. It should be noted however that this decision-making process is not a rule-making game, so neither the affected company be able to comment on FDAs decisions. The FDA has been commonly viewed as an obstructionist to a new innovation. , especially in new products and medication.

Environmental Racism Essay Example for Free

Environmental Racism EssayMelissa Checkers Polluted Promises Environmental Racism and the Search for Justice in a Southern Town (2005) New York New York University Press. Is one of checkers best books and has gained fame over the times. Scholars have argued that this novel is set up in an environment which is imbalanced. Environmental inequity is evident in the lives of the leaders who ar the main characters in the book. The author comes in to give solutions to the chaos that exist in this Augusta Georgia setting. The ethnographic account of this book shows the struggles faced in urban centers.These are mainly countries in the African region in the thirdly world country. The writer further illustrates the extent of inequality that exists in these countries. A traffic circle of emphasis rests on the resentment that the African Americans receive. This is further coupled with apartheid and the underprivileged level that they are put in. the book lays down goals to try and unvei l the response of other citizens to the lifestyle of the blacks. The strength of the polluted promise is seen with the achievement of schooling about the treatment of Africans.The information that comes out shows racial separation and shows that the attitude towards the Africans is experienced in all the spheres including politics (p. 12). Racism is a serious law-breaking that is seen to be covered in the book. Checker explains that existence of classes is a to a greater extent evil management of segregating some people. This may be true but the item still remains that racism is going on in this society. The leadership actually fights to cover racism by saying that classes are rather more serious. This is supported by Wilsons hidden agenda ideas.The gap in this society exists in terms of wealth. The white are seen to have a lot of wealth compared to the black urban poor. This is supported by Wilsons findings. The ethnographic account of this book dwells a lot on the overflow of racism in almost all the activities of the community. Political arena is also caught up in identity politics in which people form factions. This further influence the way resources are distributed in the society. This book displays possibility of arriving at a safe destination.This comes in the proposal of having convergence in the systems. Environmentalism and civil rights and new forms of society movements are the key aspects to be embraced in forming the convergence. Such a unitary community is characteristic of equality and love amongst all the citizens (p. 33). The environment is further displayed to have more challenges. Checker uncovers them as to include problems faced while working with experts of the environment and the technical talk of experts. Another challenge seen is on building lasting alliance with protection agencies.Alliances and coalition formation is another challenge that exist in the society as explained by the author. Checkers work further supports environm ental in legal expert by its summary on politics, economic decisions like resource distribution and human relations. People are seen to compromise on the environmental justice in all these aspects. This is what makes the book polluted promises a rich ethnography. Source Melissa Checker. (2005). Polluted Promises. New York New York University Press

The Genogram As An Assessment Tool Nursing Essay

The Genogram As An Assessment Tool Nursing EssayA Genogram is a resourceful clinical tool that is being utilize by family therapists and checkup examination professions as an judgement tool to assist in identifying a patients important family information (Shellenberger, et al, 2007, 368). Adding a cultural layer to the genogram has assisted many a(prenominal) medical physicians in understanding the reasons why some patients dont understand the medical diganosis and ref social occasion medical treatment (372). The genogram that includes biological history and cultural history has been constitute to be a resourceful instrument that is becoming part of the clients medical records (368). The genogram rout out also be use to focus attention on the biopsychosocial mount of the patients health and wholesomeness concerns (368).To start a genogram, one begins with basic answers to questions taken in during the intake session at the patients first visit to the family physician or fami ly therapist. The therapist or practitioner would include important events, such as deaths, marriages, and divorces all deserve carefulnessful study (Nichols, 2010, 125). It would also include answers relating to the patients nuclear family such as who lives in the household (name, age, gender, occupation, and education), whither the other members live, and what health related changes or problems have the family faced most recently (Shellenberger, et al, p. 369).Other significant information include in the genogram would be concerns regarding pregnancies, illnesses, hospitalizations, deaths, and even psychiatric problems such as depression, anxieties, and phobias (Nichols, 2010, 125). In addition, dates and relationships provide the framework to explore emotional boundaries, triangles, fusion and cutoffs between family members, and critical conflicts that encounter among family members (125). The answers to these questions and questions relating to biological heredity will indica te whether there are common themes that show up through generations which would indicate possible cause to current medical or psychological concerns (125). Common themes like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension are just a a few(prenominal) that tends to be hereditary. Genograms can find a think in a family history that indicate psychosocial problems (i.e. domestic violence, substance abuse, relationship difficulties) as well as cultural beliefs, values, attitudes and health practices (Shellenberger, et al, 369-370).After the patient assessment is complete the information can be transformed into an organizational family tree type lucking with symbols used to identify gender. For example, men are notated by squares and women by circles, with ages inputted inside the frame (Nichols, 2010, p. 124). Horizontal lines indicate marriages, with the date of marriage written on the line and vertical lines connect parents and children (124). These are just a few basic symbols to get the genogram started. (See attached diagram for further details of symbols used to expand the genogram.) Theres no attachment.There are many uses of genograms in family therapy that have been prove to be extremely successful. Therapists have reported that using the genogram as a tool for family members to express emotions by telling facts and not opinions can prevent excess negative comments and frustration. The genogram can also be used to initiate a cooling down period after a heated family battle and can be a way that a therapist can connect with their client in order to lay the constituteation for positive relationship (Schilson, Braun, and Hudson, 1993, 201).It has set up to be a means through which a therapist can learn key words and ideas for later use when developing goals and direction with their clients. When a therapist looks into each family members personal concerns, values, wishes and fears they are better able to connect to the core issues causing conflict. The genogram can capture information about the family structure, major behavior-time events, repetitive illnesses and eventually the process can be therapeutic (201). These benefits all aim to assess, while it boosts patient morale by highlighting individual and family lintel strengths. The positive relationship that is established during the intake session supports the relationship between client and therapist by induceing the patients trust and connection with the health care supply (201-202). When genograms were used as a training tool in preparing therapists and physicians for working in their field they became more effectual in developing the client-practitioner relationship. (Aten, Madson and Kruse, 2008, 111-112).Research on the effectiveness of genograms as a tool can teach family therapist and supervisors in training ways to assess their clients family relationships and history but it also helps gain self awareness and self reflection during their internship (111-11 2). It has been shown that cultural issues can affect patients, families, and health providers perspective on the specific illness. It also discovered that cultural genograms were used to further develop training for postgraduate student and to develop their skill set in understanding cultural sensitivity which helped gain insight, sensitivity and awareness to cultural issues. This ongoing training influence the quality and outcome of the patient and family encounter (112). Trainees are able to explore their own ethnic and cultural heritages and draw personal genogram depicting these origins (115). Shellenberger, et al (2007), proved that when residents learn how to create their own individual cultural genogram enables them to understand their beliefs, values, attitudes and how general health practices differ from their own found the cultural genogram to be a continuous working document used throughout the sessions, collecting as much information on the intake question and add to it on subsequent visits (380). Similar to the traditional genogram, the cultural genogram provides information about where the family members are from, their health beliefs and behaviors, the gender roles within the household as well as culture and health resources (368). They showed that the use of cultural genograms as teaching tools in medical practice proved to be beneficial when used in cultural sensitivity training. It proved to be a creative, practical tool to assist clinicians in understanding the history of the client (380).Aten, Madson and Kruse (2008) found that an introduction to family function and cultural competence resulted in a deeper positive response from students to learn a structure approach to identify cultural information for use in a clinical setting (114). Also indicated that when patient and provider do not share a common culture, communication can be repugn among the extend family. Without this type of understanding and knowledge of the patients past can lead to misunderstanding of a patients culture and family. It can lead to the patients feeling disrespected or uneasy or receiving care that is inconsistent with important cultural practices (Shellenberger, et al, 2007 p.371). Today the cultural diversity of the U.S. population, combined with the increasing cultural diversity of medicinal students and primary care residents, has created a critical need for approaches to cultural sensitivity training that are not tied to any single culture (380). By building on this understanding, providers can then develop management plans that are more consistent with the patients worldview and more likely to be followed. Although Schilson, Braun, and Hudson (1993) have discussed many benefits of using the genogram as an effective tool in the medical field, it has not been implemented in most practices due to the extensive time it takes to gather the information. The extensive family histories are found to be a time consuming task that some f ind impractical in a busy office practice (203). The family physicians who have successfully intergraded genograms into their practices sleep together that the genogram does take more time to process and will increases the length of time during each visit however they also claim that the extra time requisite is often spent building patient rapport (Shellenberger, et al, p.372). The rapport building provided useful family information that can be used to address a patients concerns during a particular office visits or at some future visit. As a result therapists were able to use reflective listening to contribute to the heal process of the patient (372). The more intense understanding of the past and present experiences and responses contributed to a more supporting and effective treatment strategies (372).In conclusion, this research indicates that the family therapy and medical practitioner have found many useful ways of assessing families in which the families themselves can par ticipate. The purpose of this research was to examine the implications of the benefits of the genogram. The assessment process and procedures described here depend upon mutual engagement and participation of both the therapist and client. The family therapy has been incorporated into several family-medicine training programs and proven to be successful.The other alternatives for physicians who prefer not to use the genogram often refer to the family therapist to continue to aid the physician by acting as a referral source for patients. It is likely that further qualitative and numerical research will clarify how the two professionals can work together most efficiently to benefit the client. Per Shellenberger, et al, (2007), clearly, as health care evolves into total life care, the family physician/family therapist association prom-ises to be a vital union, beneficial to care providers and the patients and clients they serve (380).

Leadership and the current leadership approaches

Leadership and the current attractionship go aboutesThe literature review will start by a brief interpretation of leading and current lead improvement. It as well as specifies the concept of ultra modern-day counsel which will be discussed with directive towards the modern counseling approach and capabilities. The relationship surrounded by the leader and follower will be explained. In additional to that changed nature and perception changed from the modern face of the businesses will be explained. Current lead, modern way approach and the current practices of businesses in todays market place argon defined and the literature will explore how current leadership and modern commission argon inter-related or overlap considering the global concept or face of todays businesses.2.1.1 Leadership As a DefinitionIn last 60 years, scholars gave 65 contrastive definitions regarding the dimensions of leadership (Fleishman and some others., 1991) and also difficult to run into a s it depends in which it is classified and perceived. According to Buchanan and Huczynski, (2007), Leadership is symbolized as power, authority and influence. Moreover, the administrations of current business concentrate gener onlyy on the building of team, formation of the net deforms, and to plan knowledge to compass a common goal. In the competitive business world leadership seems to be change magnitude due to the usage of power and authority when taken in to consideration. In the present trend leader is considered as an individualistic with the goals and ability to lead the croupe hierarchy to reach the goals of an organization. A nonher definition given by Northouse (2007) defines leadership as Leadership is a assist whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Bass (1990, pp. 11-20) also defined the term leadership as, a process where the leader is at the centre of group change and exercise and embodies the will of the group. Durin g the period several scholars gave various theories of leadership and author will explore more than about the theory widely accepted and nearly pertinent leadership theories which ar adopted by modern business practices. counseling and leadership fork over some common characteristics leadership has been defined as a process of influence leading to the achievement of desired purposes. Whereas wariness involves, the efficient and effective maintenance of an organizations current activities, and the implementation of policies (Bush and Glover, 2003), which differentiates it from leadership. The theories of leadership suggest that an effective leader has a great influence on the team and the organizational goals as the behavior of the leader influences the behavior of an individual. Burns (1978) proposed two forms of leadership in situation which compromises transactional and transformational. Transactional leadership focuses on the real motives or goals of the organization, be i t political or managerial and tendinged about the overall organizational development (Burns., J.M, 1979, pp.11). The transactional leaders and chase exchange of indigences and services ar to accomplish independence objectives (Sergiovanni, 1991).In transformational leadership, a leader engages with others and shapes a connection that surges the level of motivation and morality in both(prenominal) the leader and the follower (Northouse, 2007, p. 176). The transformational leadership theory relates to the in reciteectual stimulation and charisma of the individual leaders (Bass, 1985). The transformational leaders have the ability to create aliveness for their plenty by empowering others to take responsibility and powerfully project it. According to Bennis (1993), transformational leaders penetrate the soul of others and affect their aw arness to strive for greater ends. Thus, it is challenge to create a leadership talent pool. Leadership activities piece of ass be demarcated, defined or outlined and study opportunities created. Still certain qualities are particular and needfully to be selected into the talent pool and needs development at personal level than professional or practiced. There is a growing designation that at that place is a need to acknowledge the importance of leadership feature for organizations competitive edge (Gibbons, 1999). It is essential for betterment of the current practices and also for transformation of the organization for the future. This learning is sustained or exists in the organizational processes and systems and not just in individual minds of its members and the leadership that solely relies on the heroic efforts might not be sufficient when changes are required in large systems (James., K, CEML, June 2000).2.1.3 Current leadership approachAccording to Perren., L (CEML, 2002), over the recent year on that point have been seen significant changes in what is required of strong leaders. Those organizations will undoubtedly face serious problems in an ever more uncertain future, whose leaders do not respond to these required new ways of working. The Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership (CEML) reveal significant shortages in leadership skills such(prenominal) as Creating a sense of vision in a fast changing environment Motivating battalion and leading them through change Being modernistic in products and services and ways of working.The best practice case studies highlighted the following six elements of inspirational leadership. They genuinely care about their community, involve everybody, show lots of appreciation, ensure work is fun, show real trust and listen a lot (cited in Perren., L, CEML, 2002).The table 2.1 reflects that the pursuit desire in the leaders views of both exceptional leaders and best practice case studies findings (DTI, December 2003).From the viewpoint of leadersFrom the viewpoint of followers Strong discourse storytelling and listening Genuine dual-lane vision Passion for learning and intense curiosity Having fun and very energized Real confidence and trust in their teams Focus on developing lot Strong self- printing, coupled with humanity and humility Respect for employees and guests Committed to giving something back and to making a significant difference Commitment to developing people Clarity of vision and ability to share it with their people Dogged determination and often relentless(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Passion for and pride in what they do Clear standards of morals and integrity Very strong focus on priorities Not afraid to show some vulnerability Willingness to take risks Regular use of reflective periods around universal dislike of jargon display panel 2.1 Most prevalent leadership characteristicsSource DTI, December (2003)The top six ranked attributes of a leader accommodate Enabler, Team builder, Social adaptability, Enthusiastic learner, Reflective and Self-belief. The other attributes inc lude Visionary, Legacy Builder, Single Mindedness, Opportunity Awareness, Enthuse, Developer, Values Champion, Consistent, throng Champion, Customer Champion, Self-reliance, Proactive and Knowing what works. triad quarters of followers postulate their leaders to create and demonstrate trust, vision and respect. Particularly the middle and junior managers are dissatisfied with the remoteness of the top management (DTI, December 2003).To understand the relationship amidst the leader and follower in an organization, it is must that to understand the word follower. In this research follower adverts to those who report to a leader in an organization and follow their viewpoint for achieving the goals for their organization. It is an interesting topic to read and find out how leaders and followers are associated to each other in the leadership process which can be a relationship between superiors and subordinates. Leaders need followers, and followers need leaders (Burns et al, 1978, cited in Northouse, 2007, pp.3). The unit responsibility and burden is on the shoulder of the leader even though there is a strong relationship between leader and follower. Leader is trusty to motivate the subordinates and achieve the organizations goals. According to Buchko., A.A, (2007) indicates that research suggests that the values of a leader are of significant importance while they are also inherited by the subordinates and the leaders who exhibit a well built value-establish behavior of management which tends to inculcate the similar behaviors in their subordinates. The values refer to the similar design and the belief among the people which bind them together in an organization and the common values inherited in an organization which are named as the plaza or of the indispensable values and how they are exhibited has a unique influence on the execution of the firm is represented in diagram 2.1 (cited in Buchko., A.A, 2007). Consequently it can be said that the strong le adership qualifications and potential drop have a great impact on value-based management and the total firm execution.Figure 2.1 The relationship of organization values to performancePerformanceMarket shareProductsServicesBusiness ProcessesMarketingOperationsFinanceInvestmentLogisticsServiceAdministrationEtc. setPeopleBehaviorsDecisionsCreativitySource Buchko., A.A, (2007), pp. 38Research suggests that the efficient leaders are those people on the basis of which the followers respond to the leaders who tell them that their work is their first priority. To maintain the followers in motivated path and get them involved in era of change, it is critical that the leaders must create a burnish in the organization which stimulates the fun at work apart from execution (DTI, December 2003). One of the research on the soft approach of qualifications of leader (Crosbie, R., 2005) indicated the following 8 unique qualifications of leaderscollaboration/ teamworkcommunication skillsinitiativele adership abilitypeople development/coachingpersonal military strength/personal masteryplanning and organizing, andpresentation skillsLeader must also be able to develop collective self confidence, give voice to all people, and view leadership as learning. The radical of leadership just being about having a vision, aligning and selling it to people is a bankrupt idea (James., K, CEML, June 2000). This is supported by Edge (2007, pp. 039), suggesting that in todays business organizations the work of leading and managing potentially involves multiple leaders including individuals who have not had any formally designated leadership and management positions and does not just include the CEO or leadership teams.2.2.0 Endeavour to relate management and leadership skills, capability and abilitiesIn this research modern management has to be defined to link between management and leadership attributes. In modern times management and leadership are inter-linked, therefore it is must to have knowledge about management and leadership skills, capability and abilities and both are required in modern managers and leaders. So, it is important to examine and investigate the animate literature on these attributes.2.2.1 Modern management approachIn modern era of management, the directors should have a complete understanding of leadership because it is one of the mugwump activities important to influence one of the four functions basic managerial functions apart from planning, organizing and controlling. Leadership was considered qualification for a success of organization and along with the rise in technology and the international business, leadership is given more preference. In todays business world manager requires more skills apart from management skills (Certo, 2003). Weekes, S (2007), supported and also suggested to apply the significant changes so that individuals at all the levels have a capability to make decisions and become future leaders. To achieve the organizatio ns success the executive has to understand the difference between managing and leading and also combining them when needed. Weekes recognizes that the crew should show a calculated focus on the process of organization (management) with the true concern for the workers (leadership) (The Edge, 2007, pg. 026).2.2.2 Defining management skillsDecision making is one of the prime factor outs in management includes capacity to explore and identify opportunities to make use of resources efficiently. The principal elements include in management and leadership practices include managing people, process, structure, strategy and innovation. Critics also argue that managers need to have shift management capabilities from risk averse, hierarchical approach towards the approach that is more people oriented. It is also associated attributes such as inspiring, developing talent and performance management by providing clarity (IES, 2006).Other skills like organizational skills and technical knowledg e which are also defined in literature (Tamkin, P., and Denvir, A, 2006) are depicted in table 2.2Table 2.2 Skills needed by todays managersCreativity and the management of change Robert Chia (1996) strongly argues the need for managers to develop entrepreneurial imagination.Innate factors According to Mabey and Thomson (2000) the most important factors in making an effective manager are experience, temper and inherent ability. Beech (2003) also strongly supports this.Soft skills Mabey and Thomson (2000) suggest that the skills most needed in this century are the softer skills leadership, team working, people management and customer focus.Generic Skills According to the Council for Administration management skills are considered as a specific category of generic skills. They support that the management skills are no extended constrained to Managerial occupations.Customer Relations Chartered Management Institute concluded in the survey that customer relations are rated as the most important determinants for organizational future success by the managers.The need to manage change According to Winterton et al., (2000) new management development activities are required for need to manage change.Leadership and strategic opinion According to Kettley Strebler (1997) senior managers need to think strategically, analyze information, solve problems and make decisions.Source (Tamkin, P., and Denvir, A, 2006)2.2.3 Management and leadership capabilitiesThe core areas of capabilities development in management and leadership by the modern professionals, who are responsible to both their staff and people who rely on them for services, has been shown in Table 2.3 The author argues that the below mentioned skills and capabilities required in managers cannot be achieved unless a communication channel with followers is developed by a manager. The key skill of communication is to link all these areas and the ability to engage people is the area of critical success regardless o f the area of endeavor (CEML, April 2002). Also, there is an increasing complexity in todays businesses and poses multiple challenges which requires both management and leadership skills (ibid).Table 2.3 Capabilities required in managersLeading Strategic Direction This includes capability to match the external threats and opportunities with internal strengths and weaknesses. Also, includes potential to act as catalyst for strategic decision making, quality and innovation.Managing Client/Customer Relations This suggests a clear understanding of who the customers or clients are and what they want? About their environment and what will make them happy and satisfied with the services. So, it includes delivering a quality service, relationship building and ability to measure effectiveness and satisfaction.Managing and Leading People It includes elements such as developing shared out values and inspiring shared vision. Supporting and developing teams and individuals and optimizing divers ity and talent. It includes the performance management capability of effective delegating such as, setting clear objectives, reviewing achievements, giving feedback and recognition.Making it Happen It includes operational planning, resource management, project management, operational planning and continuous process improvement.Source CEML (April, 2002)2.2.4 Management and Leadership AbilitiesIn competitive world of business managers has to face multiple challenges which require both management and leadership skills. In large organizations, there are many pressures on managers to perform and to be accountable for multiple stakeholders. For efficient running of an organization executive has to motive, inspire and also guide their vision fits with both the interests of other stakeholders and the reality of the changing world. The management competence and leadership abilities previously were limited to needs such as abilities to inspire, motivate and enable people to do things differe ntly to achieve newer levels of performance and customer satisfaction which in turn resulted in lacking of managers and leaders for the modern organization. Figure 2.2 (For detailed figure refer appendix C) depicts the Management and Leadership Abilities Framework, which clearly highlights the crucial combination of people abilities, t train abilities and thinking abilities that lead to excellence in management and leadership in an organization (CEML Final Report, 2002).Figure 2.2 Management and Leadership Abilities FrameworkSource CEML Final Report (2002), pp. 11Thinking abilities are represented by thinking strategically.Task abilities include the abilities to manage information, manage resources and manage activities and quality.People abilities include the abilities to manage relationships, manage self, manage and lead people and lead direction and culture (Perren, L. and Burgoyne, 2002).Management and leadership are the key factors for the success of an organization and complem ent each other (Darling et al., 2007) and can be seen as two overlapping functions. The primitive differences between management and leadership areManagers administer leaders innovate.Managers maintain leaders develop.Managers control leaders inspire.Managers are short-term oriented leaders long-term.Managers ask how and when leaders ask what and why.Managers typically imitate leaders originate.Managers accept the status quo leaders challenge it.Managers do things right leaders do the right things (Darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W, 2009, pp. 206).In spite of the fundamental differences as quoted above which reflect on the differences in types of personality it does not specify which one is better than the other because the two sets of functionalities are necessary for the good execution of an organization. In the order with the expertise in the two paradigms that an individual must develop, learn and consolidate the attributes which were not inherited in basic personality (darling., J .R and Nurmi., R.W, 2009).2.2.5 Benefits of leadership and management skills in managersA good leadership and the management are the primary basis for delivering services, quality of execution, investment and productiveness obtained in the public and private sectors. The principal elements included in management development considers existence of education and qualification, formal and informal training, job based learning or experience personal factors or motivation and engagement (Tamkin., P and Denvir., A, 2006). A better execution of organization due to the good management would look out toManagers with better skills who can be associated with greater innovation, performance, business growth and also higher survival levels of business.Managers with better skills to implement better management practices, i.e. good quality processes, RD activity and people management. This would be associated with better performance.Recognition of higher level of skills by labor markets would lea d to better managers receiving higher salaries, being promoted more and less likely to face unemployment (ibid).The executives also show the capacity to adapt to change constantly and to fast mobile environment of businesses and in this manner they express their people with them by the process of the change. Several benefits include (EFQM, 2003)Clarity of purpose and direction within the organization.A clear identity for, and within the organization.A shared set of values and ethics.Consistent and role model behaviors throughout the organization.A committed, motivated and effective workforce.Confidence in, and within the organization even in profuse and changing timesIn the present literature review it is obvious that a true mixture of skills, capability and ability is the need for the hour of the modern directors to be good leaders. So at this stage it will be interesting to study the nature of the modern business.2.4.0 Comparative quality and performance of UK managementThe IES (Tamkin et al., 2006) explored the quality of UK management both within UK as well as the non-UK multinationals. The negative aspect was that the UK managers are risk reluctant and unwilling to treat the hapless execution or conflict and are overly hierarchical. Positive side they were sensitive and entrepreneurial. It was seen that one-third of managers and half of the juniors managers evaluated the quality of leadership particularly inspiration as poor in their organizations with development of leadership given a low suitability by employers. Research suggests that employee view about their manager reflects on their attitudes towards work and the fact results of businesses. According to Rucci et al. ,1998 Barber et al. ,19992 Purcell et al. 2003 there is a growing importance of managers role in motivating staff (cited in DTI, 2003).It was noted that UK companies are less strategic and less forwards focused. The established companies always seek for empowering, energetic and peop le focused managers. On the other hand it is seen that the problem is with the lack of vision and strategic direction in the organizations rather than the possibilities of management in UK and consequently it is question of leadership rather than direct management (Tamkin., P, Mabey., C and Beech., D, April 2006). It has been argued by Darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W (2009) which until latterly it was thought that top level management should only work on the strategies and leadership was considered as part of skills in the middle-managers and the supervisors. They propose that it is now clearer that to successfully doom and apply the strategy not only the middle-managers and supervisors but also top management are necessary to explain leadership skills since they discover the strategy and frame the essence of its existence. Thus, it is accepted, is carried out and well understood that planning and implementing a strategy are not two separate enterprises and they tend to over-lap or ganizationally (ibid).Survey of followers at various levels of management functioning in the large variety of organizations in UK confirms that the todays labour is sophisticated, informed and diverse than before and so people are still looking for an organizational leadership which is different and better. Research suggests that the organizations did not evolve effectively to satisfy the needs of todays high performance workplace. Existence of an immoderate command, control and bureaucracy behaviors in UK organizations which result in inhibition rather than improvement of the organizational performance (DTI, December 2003). With the issues of management and leadership it is discussed that UK companies are less advanced in context of use to creating a progressive structure for the development of management and also in linking HR practices to the business strategies. The organizational culture becomes less flexible while companies are becoming more established and developed further . One requires it for them to evoke their drive and dynamism (Tamkin., P, Mabey., C and Beech., D, April 2006). So, it can be suggested that there is an urgent need to develop the management and leadership skills in the organizations in order to meet the demands of current business environment.2.4.1 Management and Leadership development (MLD) and its context in an organizationAn effective and competing business response is to create new business structures (Tamkin et al., 2006) and the essential key with this is to discover how to do which again places more requirements on managers. Porter and Ketels (2003) proposed that to succeed with the strategies of company towards higher level of innovation, goods and services change in point of view is must. It is also essential for the managers and leaders to distinguish between the task leadership and the process leadership (Rees., W.D and Porter., C, 2008). They stated that if task is too complicated and the leaders become too much implied with task and neglects leadership process it can have poor consequence in group performance. In order to achieve this distinctive quality of a leader the individual needs to gain some experience. Consequently, in an organization the managers cannot begin their careers at senior levels undertaking strategic responsibilities with the difference of the directors for which the route is much of clairifiant with the role and the sets by blueprint definite of responsibilities. But even for managers at the entry point is as specialist and then they progress in their career undertaking managerial responsibilities after (Rees., W.D and Porter., C, 2008). So it is understood that the excellence of an organization depends on the leaders who have the uniformity in their execution and vision. The leaders at various levels in such organizations combine and they motivate and inspired their employees as well in the organization towards the model behavior by excellence, performance and role model b ehavior (EFQM, 2003). As also indicated by Darling., J.R and Fischer., A.K (1998) that at a multinational firm the management team is mainly enhanced by each individuals interactive style which can together affect the collective achievements and individual accomplishments.The EFQM model as shown in figure 2.5 (cited in Augustus, E.O et al, 2005), highlights the other crucial aspect of leadership such as people management, policy and strategy, performance management that includes people, customer and social results (Armstrong, 2006, pp.124) other than a process to achieve results.Fig. 2.5 The premise undermining strategic quality management, TQM and EFQM Excellence baby-sitSource Augustus, E.O et al, (2005) and EFQM, (2003)Effective leadership management teams are integration of four styles of behavior known as Relater, Analyzer, Director and Socializer in each individual. Thus, leadership skills and capabilities are essential in every management workforce than just one or few indiv idual who head the company (Darling., J.R and Fischer., A.K, 1998). Although management and leadership are now considered on current basis of similar structures and even to a large level as interchangeable but at alike(p) point of time Darling, J.R and Nurmi., R.W, (2009) argue that these two organizational roles are distinguishing responsibilities. They propose that management positions includes responsibilities that come with the particular position in an organization and managers must essentially have managerial competencies such as lawyers, doctors, artists etc. leadership refers to the personal skills and abilities such as vision, communication and influential aspects of their capabilities. Despite these differences Darling., J.R and Nurmi., R.W, (2009) support the fact that combination of these two roles is beneficial and valuable (Collins and Porras, 2002) for the success and development of a firm.On the other hand Svensson., G and Wood., G (2005) argue that even though it is genial to have effective leadership in management that characterizes higher degree of skillfulness but in minor or major level the coincidence of punctual precision at the right place, right time rather than skillful leadership is responsible for the success of an organization. It was also supported by Rees., W.D and Porter., C, (2008) suggested that the effective leadership and management engage a commitment to set appropriate skills that match with situations. Understanding the requirements of leadership in a particular circumstance can aid people adapt to the changing situation, but not necessarily it could be in a significantly different situation where the ability of people to adapt may be restricted. Therefore, they suggest that however some skills can be developed but it is unlikely to develop the skills which are consistent with the basic personalities of people aspiring to be leaders. At the same time, the generic qualities which are associated with leadership and als o abundant to expect all these qualities in one individual are quite unrealistic. With all these issues the individual must have specific expertise which further adds on to the problem (ibid.). Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007) suggests that the effective leadership is based on the collective leadership intervention and not on attributes in a single leader to achieve organizational goals. Falk (2003) supports this by stating that the attributes or qualities of an individual leader are necessary but for an effective leadership it is not sufficient. So Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007) suggest that effective leadership occurs through a more strategic approach towards management and leadership as shown in figure 2.6 that includes four stages namely trigger stage, initiating stage, developmental stage and lastly management and sustainability stage.Figure 2.6 The design of effective leadership interventionsSource Borgelt., K and Falk., I (2007, pp. 126)Cook, P (2006) argues that, for the man agement and leadership development (MLD) the employers responsibility becomes increasingly crucial factor and many organizations are now taking responsibility for developing the necessary leadership skill needed in their managers more proactively. Author suggests that to gain a true value of MLD, each organization performance index in harmony with the needs of that firm. According to which the company can analyze various factors such as what needs improvement? How to evaluate the improvements been made? Therefore, following these principles to enhance or incorporate the MLD can be a valuable investment for the organization.2.5.0 abbreviationIn the literature the author has delve into the most relevant leadership theory of 21st century which is flip-flop approach of leadership. The general leadership bureau of arriving with key leadership skills as noticed by the followers and by different scholars has been deliberated. The essential business leadership and management abilities hav e been investigated. The passages of modern businesses have been investigated t

The Photovoltaic Energy Calculation Engineering Essay

The Photovoltaic Energy Calculation Engineering EssayWe used the program PVSYST in order to take accurately the output of our photovoltaic installation. PVSYST was the only program we had access to and it is a very widely known industrial program for sizing and designing photovoltaic strategys. We used the most up to date version of 5.0.6.ProcedureFirst from the main menu preceding(prenominal) we choose be sick design and we select the stand alone system because ours is non connected with an existing grid (i.e. electrical generator)In order to create a lying-in in PVSYST, hither is the Eco-friendly bulk carrier, we have to sterilizeThe project name, which will identify the project in the file list in our data library.The geographical location.The hourly Meteo file, which is given from the program.A geographical site is specify byits name, country, and world region,its geographical co-ordinates latitude, longitude, altitude and cartridge clip-zone,Monthly meteorological data. To be used in the simulation, the minimum meteorological data includethe monthly international horizontal irradiationMonthly averages of the ambient temperature.Meteo values are displayed and easily delimit on the screen. It is to be noted that for the verification of rather uncertain data, the uncloudedness index Kt is also displayable, which is the irradiation veridically received on earth, normalised to extra-terrestrial irradiation in monthly values. The monthly average of Kt should usually lie between more than or less Kt = 0.25 and Kt = 0.75 at any place (PVSYST defaults). Monthly meteo values elicit be used as a basis for the generation of synthetic day by day data. consequently we generate a graph for the specific site (i.e. Broome)Where, the blue line is the clear day model (irradiation values with clear sky).The above graph shows us graphically the irradiation sum per month (diffuse and global) with daily change values.The Clearness Index Kt for BroomeWe can see t hat the values range from 0.25 to 0.75The ambient temperature changes through the year.The above graphs were generated by the program from the below tableAlso it is interesting to show the solar path at Broome or what is the solar stature with venerate of the cream through the day in order to understand how the sunniness moves from east to west. The graph also shows rough landmark dates (denoted as 1 to 7) where the sun changes heightOur next measuring stick to the program is to find the reflective occasion CoefficientThe albedo coefficient is the fraction of global incident irradiation reflected by the ground in front of a bend shave. This effect takes place during the reversal computation of the horizontal irradiation onto a tilted plane. The albedo seen by the plane is of course null for a horizontal plane, and increases with tilt.In the project definition, the albedo values can be adjusted each month in order to take any practicable snow-cover into consideration. The value usually admitted in the urban localities is of the order of 0.14 to 0.22, and can go up till 0.8 for a snow-cover. Ideally, the best value is obtained by a flat measurement on the site. But in practice, except for vertical planes, this value does not take on any gigantic importance as the albedo component is relatively weak in the incident global irradiation (this contribution can be visualised in the results of the simulation). The following table gives some usual values for the albedoWe used the 0.35 value of the Albedo coefficient because it matches on our material.After defining the above values through the program we proceeded to the orientation of our PV plane. Our project consist a fixed tilted plane (The plane tilt is defined as the fish between the plane and the horizontal), because we considered placing the panels at the hatches due to the occurrence that they would be exposed all day to the suns radiation. PVs are set(p) onto the hatches of the ship with zero t ilt (Azimuth is zero as well because it doesnt affect the global on collector plane output. In northern hemisphere, the plane azimuth is defined as the angle between south and collector plane. In southern hemisphere, the plane azimuth is defined as the angle between north and collector plane).As the program calculated, our loss with respect to an optimum orientation is 3.8% and the available irradiation on this tilted plane is 2370kWh/m2We also considered using various configurations of panels as to maximise the output per m2 before choosing the above configuration. The below configurations was rejected due to the sun is changing place constantly throughout the day and the ships movement reinforces the situation, we dogged that the best configuration was the above due to sturdy design (one panel placed along the hatch), high-pitched efficiency (sun always hit the panel at any time) and simple installation. victimisation two panels on each hatch half, tilted for 25o each having an output of 2445 kWh/m2 and the loss to an optimum orientation is 0.7%. Sun hit the panels only east and west when the ship goes north. (Highest efficiency, complex design, not easy installation).Using two panels on each half, tilted for above 25o the output is greatly decreased and we have great loss to an optimum orientation.The next step is to calculate the near blendings effect or shading. Near shadings are partial shadings which affect only a part of the dramatics. The shaded part changes during the day and over the seasons. We call shading factor the ratio of the illuminated part to the total area of the field, or inversely shading loss is its complement.Through the construction/perspective tool we created a model of the ship from the ships particulars with the PVs installed on it in order to calculate the shading loss we have in various positions of the shipThe real effect of partial shadings on the electrical production of the PV field is non-linear, and depends on the inter connections between the modules. In the PV array, the current of each cell string is limited by the current of the castigate cell in the series. That is, when one only cell is shaded the entire string is strongly affected (which has also dramatic effects on the I/V(current/voltage) characteristics of the tout ensemble array). Even with by-pass protection diodes, this string does not participate more than slightly in the production of the PV array. This phenomenon is too complex to be treated in great detail . Nevertheless, the program provides a simplified method, giving the possibility of partitioning the field into rectangles, each of which supposed to represent a string of modules in series. accordingly it calculates a Shading factor according to thread, stating that as soon as a string is hit by a shadow, the entire string (rectangle) is considered as electrically unproductive. Although not perfect, this approach should give an upper limit for the real shading loss evaluatio n. In practice, one often observe that (except for regular arrangements like sheds), this upper limit is not so far from the lower limit (that is, the linear loss).And the losings percentage due to shading in any sun height.After we define the natural parameters, we proceeded to the system consumption during a month in the specific site (BROOME). We cannot apply the maximum load 669.64 kW because it is the speed of light% and it is impossible to achieve it, but we apply an acceptable amount of about 20% of the max output which is 140Kw as a fixed load for 12 hours.After that we proceed to electric battery set and module selectionWhereLOL Loss-of-load probabilityThis value is the probability that the users needs cannot be supplied (i.e. the time fraction when the battery is sharp due to the Low charge regulator security). It may be understood as the complement of the Solar fraction (although it is described in terms of time rather than energy). During the sizing process, the LOL r equirement allows for determining the PV array size needed, for a given battery capacity. Here the default program value is 5% which is acceptable. autonomy and battery sizingIn the Presizing process, the proposed battery pack capacity is determined according to the required autonomy of the system, given in days.The autonomy is defined as the time during which the load can be met with the battery alone, without any solar inputs, starting of course from a full charged battery state. With non-constant loads (seasonal or monthly definition, weekly use), this is accounted as the worst case over the year. The calculation takes the minimum state of charge (SOC) disconnecting threshold, and the battery energy efficiency into account.For our project we decided that 4 days is enough autonomy for our ship.Battery Voltage ChoiceIn a stand-alone PV system with direct coupling to the user (without inverter), the battery voltage determines the distribution voltage. As now many DC appliances can b e found as well in 24V as in 12V, this election should be made according to system and/or appliance government agency, as well as the extension of the planned distribution grid to minimise the ohmic outfit losses.This choice should be done from the early planning of an installation, since the existing appliance voltage usually cannot be changed, and voltage translators will be high-priced and not 100% efficient.The rated distribution values could be chosen according to the following criteria (inverter supposed directly connected on the battery pack)12V little systems for ignition system and TV Appliance max power 24V medium size, with fridge and little appliances, or wiring extension to more than 10 m. Appliance max power 48V special industrial or agricultural use Appliance max power Higher powers require either high DC voltages (special appliances) or AC feeding through inverter. Here we choose 440VThe module which we choose was the highest output monocrystalline silicon modu le in the program database, from SunPower company, constructed in 2009 the specifications of the module areThe batteries specification ,model and ManufaturerContinuing below is a brief sketch of the systemThe battery operate temperature was set to a fixed value of 20oC and the program let us use a default regulator with a DC-DC converter which specs are above. set up losingsArray losses in PVSYST programArray loss parameters are initially set to reasonable default values by the program, so that modifications only need to be performed during a second step of the system study.PVSYST treats in detail the following loss types in a PV arrayThermal lossesOhmic wiring lossesModule tone lossesMismatch lossesIncidence angle (IAM) losses.In the simulation results, the effect of each loss will be available in hourly, daily or monthly values. They may be visualized on the Loss diagram.Array Thermal lossesThermal ModelThe thermal behaviour of the field which strongly influences the electrica l performances is determined by a thermal balance between ambient temperature and cells heating up due to incident irradianceU (Tcell Tamb) = important Ginc (1 Effic)Where Alpha is the absorption coefficient of solar irradiation, and Effic is the PV efficiency (related to the module area), i.e. the removed energy from the module. The usual value of the Absorption coefficient Alpha is 0.9.When possible, the PV efficiency is calculated according to the operational conditions of the module. Otherwise it is taken as 10%.The thermal behaviour is characterised by a thermal loss factor designed here by U (formerly called K-value), which can be splitted into a constant component Uc and a factor proportional to the bring up velocity UvU = Uc + Uv v (U in W/mk, v = wind velocity in m/s).These factors depend on the mounting mode of the modules.For free circulation, this coefficient refers to both faces, i.e. twice the area of the module. If the back of the modules is more or less the rmally insulated, this should be lowered, theoretically up to half the value (i.e. the back side doesnt participate anymore to thermal transfer).Determination of the parametersThe finding of the parameters Uc and Uv is indeed a big question. We have some tested measured data for free mounted arrays, but there is a laborious lack of information when the modules are integrated. What value should be chosen according to the air duct sizes under the modules, and the length of the air path?One can observe that the heat capacity of the air is very low. Even with large air vents, the flowing air under the modules may quickly attain the offset with the modules temperature at the end of the duct, leading to no heat exchange at all. Therefore for the top of the array the U value may be the fully insulated U-value you can have big differences between the regions of the array near the air input, and at the output. The program doesnt take this inhomogeneity of the array temperature into acco unt.On the other hand, the use of the wind dependence is very difficult. On one hand the knowing of the wind velocity is extremely rare. On the other hand the meteo wind velocity (taken at 10 meter height) is not representative of the temperature at the array level (there may be a factor of 2 between them). In this respect the Uv value is obviously not the same for these two definitions of the wind velocity.Default and proposed valuesThe default value is fixed for free-standing arrays, asUc = 29 W/mk, Uv = 0 W/mk / m/sIf you have fully insulated arrays, this should be halvedUc = 15 W/mk, Uv = 0 W/mk / m/sThese values suppose an average wind velocity of around 1.5 m/sec at the collectors level. In very windy regions (larger average wind velocities), you can increase the values but we cannot say by which amount in a reliable way.NOCT ValuesSome practicians and most of PV modules catalogues usually specify the NOCT coefficient (Nominal Operating Collector temperature), which is the temperature attained by the PV modules without back coverage under the standard operating conditions defined asIrradiation = 800 W/m, Tamb=20C, Wind velocity = 1 m/s, Open Circuit.The NOCT factor is related to loss factor U by the thermal balance (from the expression of the top Alpha 800 W/m (1 0) = (Uc + Uv 1m/s) (NOCT 20C).In the definition dialog, the user may define either the U factors or the NOCT. The program immediately gives the equivalence (using Alpha=0.9 and Effic = 10%, without wind dependence).Ohmic wiring lossesOhmic Loss dimensionThe Ohmic Loss ratio is referred to the PV array at standard conditions (1000 W/m, 25C), It is the ratio of the wiring ohmic loss Pwir = Rwir * Isc compared to the nominal power Pnom(array) = Rarray * Isc (SC= short circuit).WhereRarray = Vmp / Imp at Standard Test Conditions (STC)Rwir = global wiring resistance of the full system.This is computed for a given sub-array as the resistance of all strings wires in parallel, in series with the cables from the intermediate connexion box on the roof to the inverter input. The global wiring resistance Rwir is obtained by putting all the sub-array wiring resistances in parallel.Use in the simulationThe Global wiring resistance value finally used during the simulation may be defined here as an Ohmic Loss ratio (the default value is 1.5% at STC) or given explicitly in mOhm.Wire diameter optimisation and fit out ResistanceWire sections are determined by the maximum deductible current and the ohmic resistance. Here the proposed diameters are automatically limited to the minimum allowable section, according to the European standards for isolated wires mounted in apparent mounting ducts.Now for a given global loss target (at STC, i.e. maximum operating current), the best section choice is determined by the program in order to minimiseThe global copper mass,The ohmic losses behave in a quadratic way with the array current (Ploss = R I), so that the ratio diminishes linearly w ith the output current. Therefore the average wiring losses are much lower during the whole running year.Metal resistivityThe resistivity of wiring metals is strongly dependent on the temperature, which can widely quit due to dissipating currents.For pure metal, one hasCopper Rho = 1.68 E-8 * (1 + 0.0068 * Temp C) OhmmDefault value Temp = 50C = 22 mOhmmm/mAluminium Rho = 2.7 E-8 * (1 + 0.0043 * Temp C) Ohmm Default value Temp = 50C = 33 mOhmmm/mWe use copper which have minimum resistivity.Module quality losses / mismatchModule quality lossIt is well-known that most of PV modules series dont match the manufacturer nominal specifications. Up to now, this was one of the greater uncertainties in the PV system performance evaluation.Now, with guaranteed power statements and increasing availability of independent expertise, the situation seems going toward some clarification. Module series are sold with a given tolerance, and actual powers usually lie under the nominal specified power, b ut stay in the tolerance.We decided that the program default was acceptable.Array mismatch lossLosses due to mismatch are related to the fact that the real modules in the array do not strictly present the same I/V characteristics. The graph below helps for visualising the realistic behaviour of such an array, with a random distribution of the characteristics of short-circuit current for each module.This allows for the quantification of power-loss at the maximum power point, as well as of current-loss when working at fixed voltage. (MPP= maximum power point)Array incidence loss (IAM)The incidence effect (the designated term is IAM, for Incidence list Modifier) corresponds to the weakening of the irradiation really reaching the PV cells surface, with respect to irradiation under normal incidence. In principle, this loss obeys Fresnels Laws, (They describe the behaviour of light when moving between media of differing refractive indices. The reflection of light that the equations predi ct is known as Fresnel reflection), concerning transmission and reflections on the protective layer (the glass), and on the cells surface. In practice, it is often approached using a parameterisation called ASHRAE (as it has become a standard in this American norm), depending on one only parameter boFIAM = 1 bo (1/cos i 1), with i = incidence angle on the plane.For single-glazed thermal solar modules, the usually accepted value for bo is of the order of 0.1. But in a PV module, the lower interface, in contact with the cell, presents a high refraction index and our specific measurements on real crystalline modules actually indicate a value of bo = 0.05.Final Report for Broome for January

King Lear :: Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

...the error of age is to believe that experience is a substitute for intelligence. (Lyman Bryson) In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, such an idea is explored. Lear is a King who is physically aged but as the play progresses, it becomes clear that he lacks the intelligence which usually accompanies it. The play is set in a prison term where the King was equal to God himself, he was set apart from the common man as somewhat of a transcended being. Shakespeare breaks this unspoken relationship through the resolutions of his play. Lears rash decision to banish his loving daughter Cordelia and hand total power of his kingdom over to devil his uncaring daughters, Goneril and Regan sets of a chain of events which air him on a downward spiral to become the basest of human beings. Shakespeare uses the characters of the Fool, Cordelia, Kent and Goneril as well as irony, foreshadowing, and diction to portray Lear as nothing more than an unperceiving old human being.The Fool is a character in the play who is the embodiment of Lears conscience and through him, the audience is able to witness the flakiness of the King. His name bears quite a significant irony as throughout the play it is made apparent that it is the Fool who is the wiser. He states that, this fellow banished two ons daughters, and did the third a blessing against his will (1,4,101-103) The Fool lays bare the folly Lear in not recognising the worth of a true daughter provided through his foolish act, he has done Cordelia good. In a way this irony of the Fool foreshows the future judgement of this judgemental monarch. In the play it is Cordelia who is banished and the other two who have blessings poured on them, but the Fool provides the audience with a different perspective on this matter one, which is increasingly unapparent to the ailing King who is chop-chop to continue his living in denial, stating that, All This is nothing, Fool (1,4 127) Shakespeares placement of the Fools as Lears c onscience allows the audience to feel the emotions which the king should be experiencing. In the event of Cordelias banishing the Fool hath much pinned away (1,4,71-72) Shakespeare shows the Fools sadness to contrast with the apparent lack of some in the King. This also evokes audience empathy. through with(predicate) the Fool Shakespeare is able to convey to the reader the apparent folly of a vain King and the enormity of his folly.

On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Essay -- Papers Henry David Thoreau

On the Duty of Civil DisobedienceIn a concise essay, Thoreau proffers a challenge to all men, not to wreak a respect for the law, so much as for the right. Over and over, almost redundantly, Thoreau stresses simplicity and individualism, as most transcendentalists (the new philosophical and literary movement of Thoreaus time) did. Thoreau clear states, in his On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, that the government is unjust and doesnt represent the get out of the people, that one man cant change the government, and that people succumb unconsciously to the will of the government. The first of these is a ridiculous notion the second contradicted and supported alternately throughout the essay so that one cannot be sure of what they agree or disagree with while knowledge it because it always contradicts itself in the following paragraph and the last, a well-thought-out and legitimate concept.Thoreau believed that That government is best that governs least, (222) but his harsh feelings stemmed from his hate of the government and its motivations at that time. He thought that everything the administration did was wrong their head-turn at the treatment of slaves, their land-grabbing war with Mexico, and the taxes that Thoreau himself was imprisoned for refusing to pay. Even the basic system of government was foul and biased to him. He thought that the majority system was unjust, when the exponent is in the hands of the people, a majority are permitted to rule, not because they are most in all likelihood to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest, (231) but what else can there be in a non-monarchical government? He shoots down the holy American gover... ...ch is a profoundly admirable position. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience is an opinionated yet sincere treatise on the efficaciousness and assumed power of the United States democratic government. The three main points proposed in this discourse vary in sensiblity from tangible to impalpable. Unfortunately, it is a very difficult and, for some, uninteresting and exasperating reading because in many parts of his essay, Thoreau, through ramblings and descriptions, unwittingly contradicts himself many times. Because of this, he is, by many, disregarded as a great philosopher and considered a hypocrite, and one has to take care deep to discover the real meaning behind his grand words and complex sentences.Works Citedi Henry David Thoreau - Civil Disobedience from A sphere of Ideas - Essential Readings for College Readers, Lee A. Jacobus, Bedford Books, 2008, 1849